Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces: The influence of scale inhibitors

Amjad, Zahid

doi:10.1016/0021-9797(88)90274-3

Cited by 166 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…As can be seen, the amount of gypsum deposited strongly depends on MA dosage. It is worth noting that similar gypsum growth vs. dosage profile as observed in the present study was also seen for PAA [13]. Figure 8 presents mass of gypsum deposited on brass heat exchanger in 8 hr in the presence of 0.5 mg/L of homopolymers, i.e., poly(maleic acid), MA; poly(acrylic acid), AA; poly(itaconic acid), IA and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), VP.…”

Section: Homopolymerssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Concentrations of the ionic species in the calcium sulfate supersaturated solutions at instant during the gypsum growth experiments were calculated from the measured calcium ion concentrations using the successive approximation methods described previously [13]. Allowance was made for the presence of the ion pair, CaSO 4 , and calcium-inhibitor complexes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The choice of 8 hr is arbitrary and, although the selection of different growth time would lead to a change of absolute mass of gypsum scale deposited, it would not affect the relative ranking of polymer effectiveness. For example, in our earlier investigation it was shown that based on 4 hr gypsum growth data, PAA performs better than poly(acrylamide) and copolymer of acrylic: acrylamide [13].…”

Section: Maleic Acid Based Polymers Performancementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The crystallization of gypsum from aqueous solutions containing equivalent concentrations of lattice ions has been shown [13] to follow the rate law of the form:…”

Section: Kinetics Of Gypsum Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was shown that in general synthetic polycarboxylates perform better than natural, bio-, and hybrid polymers [11,12]. Moreover, it was reported that copolymers such as acrylic acid:hydroxypropyl acrylate and acrylic acid:2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid exhibit poor performance compared to low MW PAA [6,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

Amjad

2017

Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib.

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The kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, gypsum) scale formation on heated metal surface from aqueous solution has been studied by a highly reproducible technique. It has been observed that gypsum growth takes place directly on heated metal surface without any bulk or spontaneous precipitation in the supersaturated solution. A variety of maleic acid based polymers with different functional groups have been examined for their inhibitory effect on gypsum growth. The results indicate that amount of gypsum scale formed on heated metal surface is strongly affected by polymer dosage and the functional groups present in the polymer. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the gypsum crystals grown in the presence of anionic polymeric additives show that structures of these crystals are highly modified. Results on the performance of various surfactants and biocides are presented.

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Section: Homopolymerssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Maleic Acid Based Polymers Performancementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The crystallization of gypsum from aqueous solutions containing equivalent concentrations of lattice ions has been shown [13] to follow the rate law of the form:…”

Section: Kinetics Of Gypsum Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

Amjad

2017

Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib.

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Acrylamide Polymers

Lipp¹,

Kozakiewicz²

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Acrylamide polymerizes in the presence of free‐radical initiators to form polyacrylamide chains. Acrylamide polymers include functionalized polymers prepared from polyacrylamide by postreaction and copolymers prepared by polymerizing acrylamide (2‐propenamide, C 3 N 5 NO) with one or more comonomers. Completely dry polyacrylamide is a brittle white solid. Polyacrylamide is soluble in water, and high molecular weight polyacrylamide forms viscous homogeneous solutions in it. Reactions include hydrolysis, sulfomethylation, methylol formation, and reaction with other aldehydes. Most uses for high molecular weight polyacrylamides in water treating, mineral processing, and paper manufacture are based on the ability of these polymers to flocculate small suspended particles by charge neutralization and bridging. Low molecular weight polymers are employed as dispersants, crystal growth modifiers, or selective mineral depressants.

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Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers with Monophosphate Ester Moieties as Crystal Growth Modifiers of CaCO3

Rudloff

Antonietti

Cölfen³

et al. 2002

Macromol. Chem. Phys.

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Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces: The influence of scale inhibitors

Cited by 166 publications

References 25 publications

Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

Acrylamide Polymers

Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers with Monophosphate Ester Moieties as Crystal Growth Modifiers of CaCO3

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