Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Ca(OH)₂ as calcium source

Abstract

PFAD can be utilized as raw material for producing calcium soap, a kind of ruminant feed supplement. It gives benefits to the ruminants’ health and increases the quantity and quality of cattle’s milk. This research evaluated the effect of stoichiometric mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 to PFAD and water temperature on calcium soap production using PFAD and calcium hydroxide as raw materials by applying modified fusion method. The result showed that the acid value of products decreased as the mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 to PFAD increased and the low water temperature lowered the acid value of products. The highest fatty acid conversion (98%) was achieved at the stoichiometric mole ratio of 3. However, the use of such high mole ratio is not preferable because the product will have excessive calcium, which may disturb the absorption of other minerals in ruminant’s digestion. Thus, further research related to operating condition and the use of other calcium sources in the calcium soap production is still required.

Impact of the inclusion of calcium soap in feed on intestinal histology and blood lipid profile of native chickens

“…Calcium soap functions as an antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, and contains tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, vitamin E, inflammatory squalene, immunomodulatory compounds, and has hypocholesterolemic properties. Other components of PFAD are: phytosterols, squalene, coenzyme Q10, polyphenols, phospholipids, quinones, ubiquinones, thiols, coumarins and amino acids [6].…”

“…The way to overcome this is to turn palm oil waste into calcium soap. Calcium soap is made by reacting palm oil waste in such a way with CaO, thus producing calcium soap [6]. Using palm oil waste in the form of calcium soap can make it easier to mix feed.…”

The addition of calcium soap in the ration on the performance, carcass and abdominal fat of native chickens

“…One of them is waste from palm oil processing combined with calcium. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as a by-product of palm oil processing has not been widely utilized, and is an alternative feed for poultry [1].…”

“…The refining process will produce refined palm oil as the main product and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as a side product that has not been widely utilized [1].…”

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Calcium oxide particles size

“…A large number of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is produced in Indonesia as a result of the massive production of crude palm oil (CPO). Based on Indonesia Palm Oil Producers Association, in 2016 Indonesia produces 32.5 million tons of palm oil, or equal to 54% of the world's total palm oil production [1]. Even now, in 2018 the quantities increase to 40.5 million tons [2].…”