Calcium silicate and silicon dioxide/silicic acid gel added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1132

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) evaluated calcium silicate and silicon dioxide/silicic acid gel added for nutritional purposes to food supplements and concluded that the use of silicon dioxide up to 1,500 mg SiO 2 /day added to food supplements is of no safety concern (EFSA ANS Panel, 2009). Silicon dioxide is included in the list of minerals which may be used in the manufacture of food supplements (Directive 2002/46/EC 4 ).…”

Section: Information On Existing Evaluations and Authorisationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re‐evaluation of silicon dioxide (E 551) as a food additive

Younes¹,

Aggett²,

Aguilar³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of silicon dioxide (E 551) when used as a food additive. The forms of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) used as E 551 include fumed silica and hydrated silica (precipitated silica, silica gel and hydrous silica). The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) 'not specified' for silicon dioxide and silicates. SAS materials used in the available biological and toxicological studies were different in their physicochemical properties; their characteristics were not always described in sufficient detail. Silicon dioxide appears to be poorly absorbed. However, silicon-containing material (in some cases presumed to be silicon dioxide) was found in some tissues. Despite the limitations in the subchronic, reproductive and developmental toxicological studies, including studies with nano silicon dioxide, there was no indication of adverse effects. E 551 does not raise a concern with respect to genotoxicity. In the absence of a long-term study with nano silicon dioxide, the Panel could not extrapolate the results from the available chronic study with a material, which does not cover the full-size range of the nanoparticles that could be present in the food additive E 551, to a material complying with the current specifications for E 551. These specifications do not exclude the presence of nanoparticles. The highest exposure estimates were at least one order of magnitude lower than the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) identified (the highest doses tested). The Panel concluded that the EU specifications are insufficient to adequately characterise the food additive E 551. Clear characterisation of particle size distribution is required. Based on the available database, there was no indication for toxicity of E 551 at the reported uses and use levels. Because of the limitations in the available database, the Panel was unable to confirm the current ADI 'not specified'. The Panel recommended some modifications of the EU specifications for E 551.

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Section: Information On Existing Evaluations and Authorisationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it was stated that silicon dioxide is a rather inert substance and that no degradation products under normal conditions are known (Holleman, 2007;EFSA ANS Panel, 2009).…”

Section: Stability Of the Substance And Reaction And Fate In Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐evaluation of silicon dioxide (E 551) as a food additive

Younes¹,

Aggett²,

Aguilar³

et al. 2018

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In each experiment, there were seven groups, i.e., vehicle control, S200 at 225 mg/kg, S200 at 1000 mg/kg, S200 at 5000 mg/kg, A200F at 225 mg/kg, A200F at 1000 mg/kg, and A200F at 5000 mg/kg. The low dose (225 mg/kg) was set as the HRD, which was equivalent to the SAS dose without safety concerns in humans (1500 mg/day) , and calculated based on body surface area normalization. The exposure days were designed based on Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 407 and 408 for oral toxicity studies in rodents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Alterations and Potential Risk Induced by Subacute and Subchronic Exposure to Food-Grade Nanosilica in Mice

Lou

et al. 2021

ACS Nano

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The intensive application of nanomaterials in the food industry has raised concerns about their potential risks to human health. However, limited data are available on the biological safety of nanomaterials in food, especially at the epigenetic level. This study examined the implications of two types of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), food-grade precipitated silica (S200) and fumed silica Aerosil 200F (A200F), which are nanorange food additives. After 28-day continuous and intermittent subacute exposure to these SAS via diet, whole-genome methylation levels in mouse peripheral leukocytes and liver were significantly altered in a dose- and SAS type-dependent manner, with minimal toxicity detected by conventional toxicological assessments, especially at a human-relevant dose (HRD). The 84-day continuous subchronic exposure to all doses of S200 and A200F induced liver steatosis where S200 accumulated in the liver even at HRD. Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing revealed that the differentially methylated regions induced by both SAS were mainly located in the intron, intergenic, and promoter regions after 84-day high-dose continuous exposure. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially methylated genes indicated that exposure to S200 or A200F may lead to lipid metabolism disorders and cancer development. Pathway validation experiments indicated both SAS types as potentially carcinogenic. While S200 inhibited the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway in mouse liver, A200F activated the HRAS-mediated MAPK signaling pathway, which is a key driver of hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, caution must be paid to the risk of long-term exposure to food-grade SAS, and epigenetic parameters should be included as end points during the risk assessment of food-grade nanomaterials.

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“…Based on this observation, it can be assumed that this form of silica has been routinely taken up by the daily diet (11). The European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) notes the Si content in their Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food from 2009 (12) for several cereals, e.g., oat 3,910-4,310 mg/kg, barley 2,610-2,720 mg/kg, wheat flour 2,610-2,720 mg/kg, and for polished rice 55-57 mg/kg dry weight. Martin (13) found that the human body contains about 1.5 g of SiO 2 , presumably both in the particulate and dissolved forms (this is in accordance with Merck, 1921).…”

Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Biogenic Amorphous Silicas Found in Common Horsetail and Oat Husk With Synthetic Amorphous Silicas

Lindner

Drexel

Sälzer

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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The present study summarizes the current literature on the presence and the structure of biogenic amorphous silica (BAS) in nature. Based on this review, it is shown that BAS is ubiquitous in nature and exhibits a structure that cannot be differentiated from the structure of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). The structural similarity of BAS and SAS is further supported by our investigations—in particular, specific surface area (BET) and electron microscope techniques—on oat husk and common horsetail. Many food products containing BAS are considered to be beneficial to health. In the context of the use of SAS in specific applications (e.g., food, feed, and cosmetics), this is of particular interest for discussions of the safety of these uses.

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Calcium silicate and silicon dioxide/silicic acid gel added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Re‐evaluation of silicon dioxide (E 551) as a food additive

Re‐evaluation of silicon dioxide (E 551) as a food additive

Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Alterations and Potential Risk Induced by Subacute and Subchronic Exposure to Food-Grade Nanosilica in Mice

Comparison of Biogenic Amorphous Silicas Found in Common Horsetail and Oat Husk With Synthetic Amorphous Silicas

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