Calcium Signalling and Regulation of Cell Function

Abstract

The calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) is a versatile intracellular messenger. It provides dynamic regulation of vast array of cellular processes such as gene transcription, differentiation and contraction. Ca 2+ signals range from microsecond, nanoscopic events to intercellular waves lasting for many seconds. This diversity of Ca 2+ signals arises from the wide assortment of Ca 2+ transport and Ca 2+ buffering processes employed by cells. Additional diversity in Ca 2+ signalling stems from the ability of cells to utilise different sources of Ca 2+ . The cytosol is the principal Ca 2+ signalling compartment. When Ca 2+ ions enter the cytosol they interact with numerous Ca 2+ ‐binding proteins, thereby leading to activation, or inhibition, of cellular processes. Specificity is achieved by regulating the spatial and kinetic properties of Ca 2+ signal. In this way, many concurrent Ca 2+ ‐sensitive cellular processes can be discretely regulated. A number of pathologies have been related to the breakdown of cellular Ca 2+ homoeostasis or to aberrant Ca 2+ signalling. Key Concepts: Calcium is a critical intracellular signal that controls key cell fate decisions. Calcium signals derive from multiple sources that are accessed by a diverse range of transport mechanisms. The kinetics and spatial properties of calcium signals determine their impact on cellular activity. Ca 2+ signals are tissue‐specific and are appropriate to regulate the physiological functions of individual cell types.

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