Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Idiopathic Hypercalciuria in Children

Polymorphisms Contributing to Calcium Status: A Systematic Review

“…We assessed the quality of included studies using the Q-Genie tool ( Table 1 ). Nine-teen studies (46%) were of good quality [ 9 , 12 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], 16 studies (39%) of moderate quality [ 8 , 11 , 13 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ] and six studies (15%) of poor quality [ 10 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Most studies sufficiently provided a rational for the selected gene or genes in the study and appropriately drew conclusions supported by the presented results.…”

“…Studies were carried out between 1999 [ 13 , 40 , 49 ] and 2019 [ 9 , 35 ]. Twenty-one studies were conducted in Europe [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 ], 10 in Asia [ 12 , 24 , 36 , 37 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 53 , 55 , 56 ] and six in North America [ 13 , 19 , 23 , 25 , 40 , 41 ]. Three studies [ 9 , 34 , 35 ] included cohorts from different countries while one study provided no country information [ 46 ].…”

“…Three studies [ 9 , 34 , 35 ] included cohorts from different countries while one study provided no country information [ 46 ]. Of the included studies, 17 were cross-sectional studies [ 8 , 11 , 13 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 56 ], 14 were case-control studies [ 10 , 12 , 19 , 24 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 42 , 43 , 47 , 48 , 52 , 55 ], seven association studies [ 23 , 25 , 26 , 35 , 40 , 46 , 54 ] and three were Mendelian randomisation studies [ 9 , 28 , 44 ]. Twenty-six studies examined the association between calcium and polymorphisms in the CASR gene ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Six studies included only female participants [ 19 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 53 ] and two only male participants [ 47 , 49 ]. Five studies were conducted in children [ 13 , 23 , 34 , 52 , 54 ], one in adolescent girls [ 44 ] and in one study it was unclear if patients included only adults or also children [ 10 ]. The remaining studies included adults of different ages.…”

“…Ethnicity was described in 31 studies: 15 studies included Caucasians [ 11 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 34 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 54 ], two studies Indians [ 24 , 55 ], Japanese [ 12 , 56 ], one study Africa-Americans [ 25 ], Chinese [ 53 ], Korean [ 37 ], Taiwanese [ 36 ] and eight studies included multi-ethnic participants [ 9 , 13 , 19 , 23 , 26 , 28 , 35 , 46 ]. In 10 studies, no information on participants’ ethnicity was provided [ 8 , 10 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 52 ]. Twenty-two studies included healthy participants [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 34 ,...…”