Calcium Phosphate/Clay Nanotube Bone Cement with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Sustained Drug Release

Abstract

Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has limited use in bone repair due to their poor mechanical properties. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are clay tubes with an aluminosilicate composition. The physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility, and cellular response to the CPC/HNT composites were assayed. Compression strength, FTIR analysis, protein synthesis, and mineralization were assessed. The cumulative data show that composites of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), anhydrous calcium diphosphate (DCPA) as the solid phase agent, and 10% chitosan lactate solution as the setting liquid produced cement with sustained release properties without loss of material strength. The composite also showed enhanced material properties (adhesiveness, surface roughness, and increased strength). Cellular assays confirm its osteoconductive and osteoinductive nature. CPCs, loaded with gentamicin-and neomycin-doped HNTs, showed sustained antibacterial release and marked zone of growth inhibition. CPCs fabricated with drugdoped HNTs offer a means for inducing bone growth at the site of implantation while controlling infection. This treatment modality should hasten patient healing time and enhance restoration of function. The increase in materials properties suggests that this CPC may be clinically applied to repair injuries in load-bearing bones.

Micro and Nano Clay-Biopolymer Composites for Drug Delivery

“…Cause irritation cannot recommend, some Drugs might demolish due to Enzymatic action, e.g., insulin or penicillin etc., absorption of drugs might be ambiguous, cannot allowed for patient showed insentient and un-supportive behavior, [34] Except oral route use-full for intravenous and intramuscular injections A definite beneficial for an immediate action, useable for insentient, noncooperative patients, and also for diarrhea and vomiting patient May cause pain or sepsis, intravenous injection may react Or cause some kinds of complications, costly, for dosage some aseptic measure and practical skill essentially required [17] Transdermal administration: Surface application, in the form of powder, creams or sprays etc., The transfer of Active ingredients is direct to the targeted area, safe for liver or Gastro-intestinal trac By using this route, a local effect might be observed instead of systematic [68,73] Sprays: direct Inhalation route Direct release of drug to the Lungs Some kinds of delivery devices for spraying the drug are mandatory [68] Implantable administration route Excess drug bioavailability, smallest dosing frequency Requires surgery for drug administration, noxiousness of accompanying chemicals, Cause pain, may cause postoperative effect [49] In the form of Bone Cement Increased Toughness and stiffness…”

“…The use of clay-based composite in cosmetics is trending to provide good-looking and healthy skin [73]. Clay-based nanotubes carriers act as an active-agents in a controlled released pathway, consulting a slow penetration of loaded emollient agents such as; nutrients and vitamins into the skin [74] carried out the glycerin loading into the claynanotubes and its controlled release into the skin via absorption in an intervening period of 4-18h.…”

“…Brilliant green-loaded halloysite-nanotube sprays provide prolonged antimicrobial action. The usual releasing period of brilliant green is 3h for up to 70%, but this duration was increased up to 6 h using halloysite-nanotubes end-stoppers [73].…”

Differential antimicrobial and cellular response of electrolytically metalized halloysite nanotubes having different amounts of surface metallization

“…19 It has been incorporated in corrosion-resistant coatings 20,21 and fireretardant materials. 22,23 Due to its charged hollow lumen it is used as a container for various chemicals including drugs, 16,[24][25][26] dyes, 27,28 and metals, 30 in recent years it has generated interest as an adsorbent surface for various antimicrobial, 29 catalytic, 31,32 and heavy metal remediation, 33 as a filler for structural modification in bone cements, [34][35][36] dental fillings, 37 and polymer additive. [38][39][40] The deposition of metal NPs on HNTs is a straightforward process because of their inherent adsorbent ability, which can be further enhanced using chemical modifications.…”

In vivo evaluation of bone regeneration behavior of novel β‐tricalcium phosphate/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite granule as bone graft substitutes

“…12 Additionally, calcium phosphates reinforced with other nanoparticles such as iron oxides, halloysite clay, carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxides have also been investigated to modify mechanical strength. [13][14][15][16] Layered double hydroxides (LDHs; with the formula Mg 6 Al 2 [OH] 16 CO 3 Á4H 2 O), also called anionic nanoclays demonstrates promising properties for a large number of applications The positively charged layers of LDHs could effectively interact with the negatively charged cell surface and results in cell attachment. 17,18 LDHs possess several features including biocompatibility, large specific surface area, charged layers, memory effect, and thermal stability.…”