Calcium phosphate ceramic systems in growth factor and drug delivery for bone tissue engineering: A review

Abstract

Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are the most widely used bone substitutes in bone tissue engineering due to their compositional similarities to bone mineral and excellent biocompatibility. In recent years, CaPs, especially hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, have attracted significant interest in simultaneous use as bone substitute and drug delivery vehicle, adding a new dimension to their application. CaPs are more biocompatible than many other ceramic and inorganic nanoparticles. Their biocompatibility and variable stoichiometry, thus surface charge density, functionality, and dissolution properties, make them suitable for both drug and growth factor delivery. CaP matrices and scaffolds have been reported to act as delivery vehicles for growth factors and drugs in bone tissue engineering. Local drug delivery in musculoskeletal disorder treatments can address some of the critical issues more effectively and efficiently than the systemic delivery. CaPs are used as coatings on metallic implants, CaP cements, and custom designed scaffolds to treat musculoskeletal disorders. This review highlights some of the current drug and growth factor delivery approaches and critical issues using CaP particles, coatings, cements, and scaffolds towards orthopedic and dental applications.

In Vitro and in Vivo Study of Poly(Lactic–co–Glycolic) (PLGA) Membranes Treated with Oxygen Plasma and Coated with Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Ultrathin Films for Guided Bone Regeneration Processes

“…Many types of calcium phosphates have been considered as biomaterials for bone reconstruction in dentistry, orthopaedics and maxillofacial surgery due to the different behaviours that each one exhibits in the living organism, including bioactivity, biodegradability and biological response [41]. The bioactivity, degradation behaviour and osteoconductivity/osteoinductivity of calcium phosphate ceramics generally depend on the calcium/phosphate ratio, crystallinity and phase composition [42]. The synthetic HA (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) shows good stability in the body, whereas tricalcium phosphates (α-TCP, β-TCP, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) are more soluble.…”

Introductory Chapter: Multi-Aspect Bibliographic Analysis of the Synergy of Technical, Biological and Medical Sciences Concerning Materials and Technologies Used for Medical and Dental Implantable Devices

“…Substitute scaffolds of bones are often administered with medicines, including gentamycin, vancomycin, alendronate, methotrexate and ibuprofen [410,411] and with growth factors and transcription factors [265,412,413].…”

3D printing of biomaterials

“…Drug-/protein-loaded biomaterials with a controlled delivery option can be used to treat many diseases. 38 In particular, specifi c drug combinations that are patient-matched and unique can be loaded into a single 3D-printed drug delivery device. However, drug-material and drug-drug interactions during 3D printing are complex topics and will require signifi cant process optimization before actual applications can be realized and approved for patient use.…”