Calcium Phosphate Cements as Carriers of Functional Substances for the Treatment of Bone Tissue

Abstract

Interest in calcium phosphate cements as materials for the restoration and treatment of bone tissue defects is still high. Despite commercialization and use in the clinic, the calcium phosphate cements have great potential for development. Existing approaches to the production of calcium phosphate cements as drugs are analyzed. A description of the pathogenesis of the main diseases of bone tissue (trauma, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis and tumor) and effective common treatment strategies are presented in the review. An analysis of the modern understanding of the complex action of the cement matrix and the additives and drugs distributed in it in relation to the successful treatment of bone defects is given. The mechanisms of biological action of functional substances determine the effectiveness of use in certain clinical cases. An important direction of using calcium phosphate cements as a carrier of functional substances is the volumetric incorporation of anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiresorptive and osteogenic functional substances. The main functionalization requirement for carrier materials is prolonged elution. Various release factors related to the matrix, functional substances and elution conditions are considered in the work. It is shown that cements are a complex system. Changing one of the many initial parameters in a wide range changes the final characteristics of the matrix and, accordingly, the kinetics. The main approaches to the effective functionalization of calcium phosphate cements are considered in the review.

Materials in the Na2O–CaO–SiO2–P2O5 System for Medical Applications

“…Much research has been carried out with different approaches to the combination HAp and bioactive glass 45S5 for the investigation of the properties of obtained composites and coatings: spark plasma sintering (SPS) [75][76][77], pressureless sintering [20,[78][79][80][81][82][83], electrophoretic deposition (EPD) [84], electrospinning [85], pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [86,87], and CoBlast coating [88]. Cement composites of HAp with Bioglass 45S5 can also be obtained by the reaction of calcium phosphate precursors, where, for producing HAp, for instance, tetracalcium phosphate (Ca 4 (PO 4 ) 2 O, TTCP) with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO 4 •2H 2 O, DCPD) or dicalcium phosphate anhydrite (CaHPO 4 , DCPA) is used [89][90][91].…”

“…The advantages of CPCs include high biocompatibility and bioactivity, nontoxicity, an abundant source of calcium and phosphate ions, and the ability to easily hand-moulding of blocks with complex shapes. The disadvantages of CPCs include being hardly suited for critical bone defects, the lack of bone tissue integration to accelerate new bone formation, low mechanical properties and pH, the absence of macro-pores (only intrinsic nano-pores), and sometimes very high setting time [89,[112][113][114].…”

Mechanical Properties and Liquid Absorption of Calcium Phosphate Composite Cements

“…Bone cements are polymer-based materials used for bone reconstruction and for hip and joint anchorage during orthopedic interventions. These materials have been in continuous development since 1980, aiming for mechanical property improvement and biocompatibility increase [ 1 , 2 ]. Bone cements are grouped based on their chemical composition into: acrylic bone cements (ABC) [ 3 ] and calcium phosphate cements (CPC) [ 4 ].…”

Titanium Dioxide Promotes the Growth and Aggregation of Calcium Phosphate and Monosodium Urate Mixed Crystals

“…It is possible that the pH of the local microenvironment of bone can be affected by the released calcium (Ca 2+ ) and phosphate (PO 4 3− ) ions, which then may influence the viability of osteoblasts and osteoclasts [24]. The supersaturation of Ca 2+ and PO 4 3− can act as a nucleation site for the initiation of biomineralization [25], which may be favorable for other crystals to aggregate or cocrystallize at the site. We propose that TNPs can influence the stabilization of these crystals, favoring the aggregation and growth of mixed crystals.…”