Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics are widely used in the field of bone regeneration, both in orthopedics and in dentistry, due to their good biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteoconduction. The aim of this article is to review the history, structure, properties and clinical applications of these materials, whether they are in the form of bone cements, paste, scaffolds, or coatings. Major analytical techniques for characterization of CaPs, in vitro and in vivo tests, and the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international standards from CaP coatings on orthopedic and dental endosseous implants, are also summarized, along with the possible effect of sterilization on these materials. CaP coating technologies are summarized, with a focus on electrochemical processes. Theories on the formation of transient precursor phases in biomineralization, the dissolution and reprecipitation as bone of CaPs are discussed. A wide variety of CaPs are presented, from the individual phases to nano-CaP, biphasic and triphasic CaP formulations, composite CaP coatings and cements, functionally graded materials (FGMs), and antibacterial CaPs. We conclude by foreseeing the future of CaPs.

Microwave-Assisted Dip Coating of Aloe Vera on Metallocene Polyethylene Incorporated with Nano-Rods of Hydroxyapaptite for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Coatings 2017, 7,182 The AFM images are given in Figure 8. It was found that the mean value of the average surface roughness Ra of the pristine mPE-nHA film and 24 h Aloe vera dip-coated mPE-nHA film surfaces were 1.17 and 7.52 nm, respectively.…”

“…Hence, our developed membrane showing enhanced blood compatibility might favor osteoblast cell proliferation for new bone tissue growth. Coatings 2017, 7,182 material, since the percentage of damage falls below two percent. Selvakumar et al [27] prepared a nanocomposite based on polyurethane incorporated with polypropylene glycol (PPG)-warped hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering.…”

“…On the other hand, a >10% increase of nHA reduces the mechanical properties due to a marked clustering effect of nano-particles [5]. The chemical formula of HA is Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 and it is known as pentacalcium hydroxide tris (orthophosphate) [6][7][8]. In the last twenty years, enormous attention has been given to the HA-based filler reinforcement for polymer matrices for plausible biomedical applications such as tissue engineering [9].…”

Studying the effect of hydroxyapatite particles in osteoconductivity of Ti-HA bioceramic

“…, and induce negative charge on composites' surfaces. This process proceeds through spontaneous reactions contain precipitation, nucleation, and growth of apatite layers on the surface of the composite [12][13][14][15]. Figure 4 demonstrates the representative XRD of Ti-HA composite before and after immersion in the SBF for various periods of time.…”

Needle-less electrospinning employed for calcium and magnesium phosphate coatings on titanium substrates

“…The solution to this problem lies in creating a coating on implant surface with biological active layer, which can significantly improve the fixation properties and prevent implant failure [4]. Calcium phosphate (CP) bioceramics as a basic mineral part of connective tissue has been extensively used in various field of biomedical applications thanks to good bioactivity, osseointegration and osteoconductive properties [5]. Despite of excellent biological properties, the CPs are known as materials with low mechanical strength and toughness, which allow their use only as filling materials or coatings.…”