Engineering of extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics, with most of the necessary features of a natural ECM, is a crucial requirement for the design of biomaterials. The natural ECM encompasses a 3D network of intertwined protein nanofibers which contains complex biomolecules for communication between cells.[1] Short peptide-based 3D nanostructured supramolecular hydrogels are excellent candidates for ECM mimicry as they provide networks of fibers which resemble the ECM structure. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Modifications of certain oligopeptide termini with bio-active ligands, aimed to introduce bio-active components into the system, have also been reported. [22][23][24][25] The tripeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), which was first recognized in fibronectin as an independent cell attachment site, is the most commonly used bio-active ligand. [26] This tri-peptide sequence is recognized by the α v β 3 and α 5 β 1 integrins located in cell membranes, thus facilitating the coupling of the ECM with the cytoskeleton. [27] Owing to these attributes, the RGD ligand has been introduced into supramolecular or polymeric substrates to facilitate cell attachment. [28][29][30][31] Fmoc-RGD [Fmoc = N-(fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl)] is one of the simplest RGD derivatives capable of forming hydrogels with an inter-connected fibrous network. [15,27] Ulijn's group reported Fmoc-RGD based supramolecular hydrogels in neutral aqueous solution by appropriate mixing of two short peptidebased building blocks, Fmoc-FF (F = phenylalanine) and Fmoc-RGD and utilized them as scaffolds for cell culture. [15] They proposed that Fmoc-RGD alone was not able to form β-sheet fibrils, although in the composite gels of Fmoc-FF and Fmoc-RGD (10-30 wt% Fmoc-RGD), signatures of β-sheet structures were found. We later reported flanking of the RGD sequence by aromatic moieties, demonstrating the hydrogelation of RGD derivatives, including Fmoc-FRGD and Fmoc-RGDF. [32] Hamley and co-workers showed that the simple Fmoc-RGD moiety, without any modification or mixing with other hydrogelator peptides, could from nano-fibrous hydrogels. [27] Castelletto and co-workers prepared monoliths of Fmoc-RGD gels at a high peptide concentration of 10 wt% which showed excellent
Bio-Inspired Soft MaterialsPeptide-based supramolecular hydrogels are utilized as functional materials in tissue engineering, axonal regeneration, and controlled drug delivery. The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) ligand based supramolecular gels have immense potential in this respect, as this tripeptide is known to promote cell adhesion. Although several RGD-based supramolecular hydrogels have been reported, most of them are devoid of adequate resilience and long-range stability for in vitro cell culture. In a quest to improve the mechanical properties of these tripeptide-based gels and their durability in cell culture media, the Fmoc-RGD hydrogelator is non-covalently functionalized with a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, chitosan, resulting in a composite hydrog...