Calcium Intake in Bone Health: A Focus on Calcium-Rich Mineral Waters

Vannucci, Letizia; Fossi, Caterina; Quattrini, Sara; Guasti, Leonardo; Pampaloni, Barbara; Gronchi, Giorgio; Giusti, Francesca; Romagnoli, Cecilia; Cianferotti, Luisella; Marcucci, Gemma; Brandi, Maria Luisa

doi:10.3390/nu10121930

Cited by 119 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…52 The bioavailability of calcium from water has been extensively studied since 1990, with about 10 studies comparing it with dairy products. 53 Six of these studies evaluated calcium absorption using the tracer technique with isotopes, while the others used indirect measurements, such as serum parathyroid levels, a hormone that regulates calcium metabolism, or calcium in serum or urine. All studies agreed that calcium in water is highly bioavailable, similar to or higher than dairy products.…”

Section: Description Of National Calcium Fortification Programs And/omentioning

confidence: 99%

Current calcium fortification experiences: a review

Palacios

Hofmeyr

Cormick

et al. 2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Low dietary calcium is very common in many populations, contributing to nutritional rickets/osteomalacia in children/adults and increasing the risk of several health problems. Calcium is a nutrient of concern as the recommended nutrient requirements are difficult to meet in the absence of dairy products. The provision of culturally acceptable calcium-fortified foods may improve calcium intake when it is a feasible and cost-effective strategy in a particular setting. This landscape review was conducted in 2019 and describes current calcium fortification efforts and lessons learned from these experiences. Worldwide, the United Kingdom is the only country where calcium fortification of wheat flour is mandatory. It is estimated that this fortified staple ingredient contributes to 13-14% of calcium intake of the British population. Other items voluntary fortified with calcium include maize flour, rice, and water. Current calcium fortification programs may lack qualified personnel/training, clear guidelines on implementation, regulation, monitoring/evaluation, and functional indicators. Also, the cost of calcium premix is high and the target groups may be hard to reach. There is a lack of rigorous evaluation, particularly in settings with multiple micronutrient programs implemented simultaneously, with low quality of the evidence. Further research is needed to assess the impact of calcium fortification programs.

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Section: Description Of National Calcium Fortification Programs And/omentioning

confidence: 99%

Current calcium fortification experiences: a review

Palacios

Hofmeyr

Cormick

et al. 2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…Calcium and phosphorous crystals, hydroxyapatite, and some ions such as sodium, fluoride, and magnesium are constituents of the mineral part. e organic part contains mostly collagen fiber and, in a lower amount, glycoproteins and proteoglycans [1]. e skeleton has several roles in the body such as protecting internal organs, frame of the body, and safe storage for some vital minerals like calcium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RANKL/RANK/OPG Pathway: A Mechanism Involved in Exercise-Induced Bone Remodeling

Tobeiha

Moghadasian

Amin

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

141

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Bones as an alive organ consist of about 70% mineral and 30% organic component. About 200 million people are suffering from osteopenia and osteoporosis around the world. There are multiple ways of protecting bone from endogenous and exogenous risk factors. Planned physical activity is another useful way for protecting bone health. It has been investigated that arranged exercise would effectively regulate bone metabolism. Until now, a number of systems have discovered how exercise could help bone health. Previous studies reported different mechanisms of the effect of exercise on bone health by modulation of bone remodeling. However, the regulation of RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway in exercise and physical performance as one of the most important remodeling systems is not considered comprehensive in previous evidence. Therefore, the aim of this review is to clarify exercise influence on bone modeling and remodeling, with a concentration on its role in regulating RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway.

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“…Accordingly, several studies suggest a relationship between water hardness, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels in drinking water and cardiovascular diseases: Many but not all studies found a protective association between Mg levels and cardiovascular diseases while for Ca and water hardness little evidence was found regarding these diseases 48 . However, as Ca is one of the most abundant elements in humans -being a major component of bones and also essential for both muscle and nerve functioning -drinking water rich in Ca may have a positive impact on both bone density and reduce associated diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis in elderly population [49][50][51] . Additionally, several studies link deficits in both Ca and Mg to an increased mortality regarding oncological diseases).…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%