Calcium–Collagen Coupling is Vital for Biomineralization Schedule

Abstract

Biomineralization is a chemical reaction that occurs in organisms in which collagen initiates and guides the growth and crystallization of matched apatite minerals. However, there is little known about the demand pattern for calcium salts and collagen needed by biomineralization. In this study, natural bone biomineralization is analyzed, and a novel interplay between calcium concentration and collagen production is observed. Any quantitative change in one of the entities causes a corresponding change in the other. Translocation‐associated membrane protein 2 (TRAM2) is identified as an intermediate factor whose silencing disrupts this relationship and causes poor mineralization. TRAM2 directly interacts with the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b (SERCA2b) and modulates SERCA2b activity to couple calcium enrichment with collagen biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings indicate that osteoblasts can independently and directly regulate the process of biomineralization via this coupling. This knowledge has significant implications for the developmentally inspired design of biomaterials for bone regenerative applications.

Advances in Engineered Three-Dimensional (3D) Body Articulation Unit Models

“…The biomimetic mineralization approach is one of the biomimetic fabrication strategies committed to synthesizing the natural bone-like substitute on the nano level to obtain articulation models. 132 , 133 These substitutes with good biocompatibility and bioactivity provide host cells with a natural microenvironment, thereby inducing endogenous bone regeneration. 134 , 135 In a case, Bertassoni et al developed a collagen hydrogel encapsulated with hMSCs, promoting protein induction by adding soluble Ca 2+ , PO 4 3- and nucleation inhibitors - bone bridge protein collagen fiber to simulate the osteogenesis and cleavage of natural articulation bone.…”

Transcriptomic and epigenetic assessment of ageing male skin identifies disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis; exacerbated by smoking and UV exposure

“…Molecular diagram of a young healthy ECM and fibroblasts identifying key structures, genes, proteins, processes and interactions involved in maintaining skin structure. Generated using references [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Transcriptomic assessment of fibroblasts isolated from patients and cultured for two passages has identified increases in the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion, collagen and extracellular matrix organisation alongside visible alterations in cell and micro-fibril organisation. Subsequent transplantation of cultured fibroblasts improved dermal morphology and skin had more numerous fibroblasts, thicker collagen fiber bundles, higher density of micro-fibrils and elastin fibers after three months 4 .…”

“…Calcium is well known for it’s structural role in the formation of bones and teeth, however calcium is also an important structural component of individual cells and the extracellular matrix. It acts as a cofactor required for the stabilisation of disulfide bonds between peptides for structural proteins including; collagen 20 , cell-cell adhesion molecules such as integrin 30 , and cell-cell junctions formed by cadherins 31 . In addition it plays a vital role in formation of the cytoskeleton; microtubule elongation from nucleation of tubulin 25 , actin-fiber from globular actin 24, 32 .…”

Transcriptomic and epigenetic assessment of ageing female skin and fibroblasts identifies age related reduced oxidative phosphorylation is exacerbated by smoking

“…Viral infections including cytomegalovirus have been associated with age related declines in the function of Mitochondrial Associated Membranes (MAM) 70,71 , associated Ca 2+ dysregulation 71 , aberrant metabolism, decreased lifespan, increased ROS 70 , and disruption of calcium homeostasis 92 , all of which are also features of ageing 70,71,[93][94][95] . Given that calcium has a structural role in cells in terms of stabilisation of disulfide bonds, formation and stabilisation of the cytoskeleton, as well as adhesion of cells 71,[74][75][76][77][78] , increased TRPA1 expression could be indicative of increased uptake of Ca 2+ . However TRPA1 is also known to be involved in thermal signalling, and thus it's differential expression may be indicative of temperature dysregulation 96 ; import of Ca 2+ is known to be affected by temperature changes which can distort membranes 74 .…”