Calcium carbonate scale inhibition using the “allotropic cell” device

López-Sandoval, E.; Vázquez-López, C.; Zendejas-Leal, B.E.; Ramos, Gustavo Roberto; Martín‐Martínez, Eduardo San; Aguirre, N. Muñoz; Reguera, E.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.007

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Controlling the crystallization of calcium carbonate is of great importance both in academics and industry. First, it is a challenge to understand and control the mineralization process itself. − The formation of mineral scales leads to significant problems during the washing and cleaning process or in aqueous closed cycle cooling systems. − Thus, water-soluble polymers which have the ability to complexate ions or adsorb on the particle surface play a major role in the inhibition of scale formation. − In this context, polycarboxylated polymers are currently used in detergent and cleaner formulations for fabric washing and automatic dishwashing or for pipe protection in industrial water cooling systems . After banning polyphosphates as detergents for environmental reasons, polycarboxylated polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) (AA), poly[(acrylic acid)- co -(maleic acid)], or polyaspartate became increasingly important in commercial detergents, but they do not perform as well as polyphosphates .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAA-PAMPS Copolymers as an Efficient Tool to Control CaCO₃ Scale Formation

Dietzsch¹,

Barz²,

Schüler³

et al. 2013

Langmuir

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Scale formation, the deposition of certain minerals such as CaCO3, MgCO3, and CaSO4·2H2O in industrial facilities and household devices, leads to reduced efficiency or severe damage. Therefore, incrustation is a major problem in everyday life. In recent years, double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) have been the focus of interest in academia with regard to their antiscaling potential. In this work, we synthesized well-defined blocklike PAA-PAMPS copolymers consisting of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonate (AMPS) units in a one-step reaction by RAFT polymerization. The derived copolymers had dispersities of 1.3 and below. The copolymers have then been investigated in detail regarding their impact on the different stages of the crystallization process of CaCO3. Ca(2+) complexation, the first step of a precipitation process, and polyelectrolyte stability in aqueous solution have been investigated by potentiometric measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). A weak Ca(2+) induced copolymer aggregation without concomitant precipitation was observed. Nucleation, early particle growth, and colloidal stability have been monitored in situ with DLS. The copolymers retard or even completely suppress nucleation, most probably by complexation of solution aggregates. In addition, they stabilize existing CaCO3 particles in the nanometer regime. In situ AFM was used as a tool to verify the coordination of the copolymer to the calcite (104) crystal surface and to estimate its potential as a growth inhibitor in a supersaturated CaCO3 environment. All investigated copolymers instantly stopped further crystal growth. The carboxylate richest copolymer as the most promising antiscaling candidate proved its enormous potential in scale inhibition as well in an industrial-filming test (Fresenius standard method).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAA-PAMPS Copolymers as an Efficient Tool to Control CaCO₃ Scale Formation

Dietzsch¹,

Barz²,

Schüler³

et al. 2013

Langmuir

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“…The coordination numbers of Ca 2+ and O 2in calcite and aragonite are six and nine, respectively. The aragonite phase with higher coordination number, shows a higher stability than calcite [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . Once the metal ions were absorbed on the activated points of the first formed nucleus at the beginning of the calcium carbonate nucleation，the growth of the nucleus was disturbed.…”

Section: Effect Of Mechanism Of Metal Ions On the Scale Crystal Morph...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ion Migration of Multiple Copper-Zinc Alloy on the Crystal Structure of Calcium Carbonate Scale

Ding

Meng

Zhang

et al. 2010

AMR

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Multiple copper-zinc alloy was used to treat water in order to restrict the formation of hard scale during heating process. Trace amounts of metal ions were dissolved from the alloy under the action of tiny battery corrosion, which took part in the crystallization of calcium carbonate crystal. The ion migration rules and its effect on the crystal structure of water scale were studied. The ICP test results show that after immersion in the water for 20 min, the zinc ion concentration increased to 0.35 mg•L-1 compared with contrast group. The simulating experiment of the scale crystal growth demonstrated that the calcium carbonate scale after treated with the alloy showed a transformation from calcite to aragonite, and the ratio of calcite to aragonite changed from 1:0.125 to 1:2.30. Meanwhile, the heat transfer efficiency was increased to 2.19%.

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“…A concrete examples is shown on the left and center in figure 1. Therefore, various anti-scale treatments have been developed for a long time [3,4,5,8,10,11,12,13,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. One of them is a tight aggregate of ceramic spheres (right of Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%