Calcium Carbonate Precipitation for CO2 Storage and Utilization: A Review of the Carbonate Crystallization and Polymorphism

Abstract

The transformation of CO2 into a precipitated mineral carbonate through an ex situ mineral carbonation route is considered a promising option for carbon capture and storage (CCS) since (i) the captured CO2 can be stored permanently and (ii) industrial wastes (i.e., coal fly ash, steel and stainless-steel slags, and cement and lime kiln dusts) can be recycled and converted into value-added carbonate materials by controlling polymorphs and properties of the mineral carbonates. The final products produced by the ex situ mineral carbonation route can be divided into two categories-low-end high-volume and high-end low-volume mineral carbonates-in terms of their market needs as well as their properties (i.e., purity). Therefore, it is expected that this can partially offset the total cost of the CCS processes. Polymorphs and physicochemical properties of CaCO3 strongly rely on the synthesis variables such as temperature, pH of the solution, reaction time, ion concentration and ratio, stirring, and the concentration of additives. Various efforts to control and fabricate polymorphs of CaCO3 have been made to date. In this review, we present a summary of current knowledge and recent investigations entailing mechanistic studies on the formation of the precipitated CaCO3 and the influences of the synthesis factors on the polymorphs.

Phosphorus Inactivation in Lake Sediments Using Calcite Materials and Controlled Resuspension—Mechanism and Efficiency

“…Methodological information on measurements of particle size and SSA BET as well as on determination of phase-mineral composition is provided in the Section 2.3. The given PCC was selected for the study due to its relatively high SSA BET at relatively low cost (12.36 m 2 g −1 ,~500 EUR t −1 , respectively) as compared to other potentially available PCCs (4.2-70 m 2 g −1 and 450-2250 EUR t −1 [35,40,[58][59][60]). Both materials were provided by the Rheinkalk Company (Rheinkalk Eifel Sauerland GmbH and Co. KG.…”

“…When calcite is chosen as a possible inactivation agent, only the materials exhibiting a high SSA BET and a high adsorption capacity should be considered due to their ability to durably fix high SRP loads within a sufficient short period of time and at reasonable doses applied. This forces the use of synthetized calcium carbonates-precipitates-because these materials are typically characterized by a high SSA BET ranging from 5.0 to 70 m 2 g −1 [35,40,58,60], while natural ground calcites typically show much lower SSA BET in the range of 1.0-4.3 m 2 g −1 [29,30,34,39,40]. The use of PCC would also require much lower doses of calcite than in the case of GCC, which means less modification of the sediment composition in terms of calcium carbonate content.…”

Cockle Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate (Aragonite) Nanoparticles: A Dynamite to Nanomedicine

“…The trigonal-rhombohedral form is the most common naturally occurring calcite crystal and the absolute rhombohedral calcite is uncommon as natural crystals [95]. However, due to its thermodynamic stability under ambient conditions, calcite polymorphs has been used extensively in the industry [96]. CaCO 3 in aragonite crystals form differs from calcite by its nature of occurrence, the aragonite exists in an orthorhombic system with crystals which results in the formation of pseudo-hexagonal crystals due to continuous twinning [9].…”

Catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction by hydrogen carbonate to decrease the voltage of microbial electrolysis cell fed with domestic wastewater

“…Bubbling CO 2 into an MEC catholyte will lead to saturation of the carbonate solution. The precipitated car bonate salts can be recovered and reused [52]. This is a way to store CO 2 in solid form, which may be less hazardous for the environ ment than gaseous storage in deep geological formations, with risk of CO 2 leakage [53].…”