Calcium carbonate equilibria in lakes

Morton, Stephen D.; Lee, G. Fred

doi:10.1021/ed045p511

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…(1970) have shown the importance of considering activity rather than concentration when describing the CO 2 -HC0 3 --C0 3 '" system. Morton and Lee (1968a) in their analysis of Lake Mendota in Wisconsin calculated an activity coefficient of 0.74 for the C0 3 ;'ion, based on the water's ionic strength of 0.0045. Similarly, Park et a1.…”

Section: Cozhc03 --C03 = Equilibrium Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kramer (I967) has studied CaC0 3 formation in the Great Lakes and indio cates that saturation is very temperature dependent, and for the observed tempera' tures Lake Erie and Lake Ontario are mostly unsaturated. Morton and Lee (1968a) have found Lake Mendota in Wisconsin to be unsaturated with respect to CaC0 3 in the bottom layers while supersaturated in the surface waters. Stumm (1963a, 1963b) and Kleijn (1965) have shown the effect of CaC0 3 saturation on the buffering capacity of a natural water.…”

Section: Cac03 Equilibriummentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of carbon on algal growth—Its relationship to eutrophication

et al. 1972

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Section: Cozhc03 --C03 = Equilibrium Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cac03 Equilibriummentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of carbon on algal growth—Its relationship to eutrophication

et al. 1972

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“…Ca2+ is the major cationic constituent of fresh water samples with a concentration range of 10~4-10~3 A/, Na+ of sea water with a concentration of about 0.5 M. It is perhaps easy to accept that fresh water samples from various sources might also exhibit a fairly wide variation of composition. Perhaps it is less intuitively obvious that samples taken from various locations, depths, and times of year from the same body of water might also differ rather significantly (2). It may also be surprising to find that the equilibrium composition of the major oceans is surprisingly constant with respect to major constituents-within about 10% absolute variation throughout and with considerably less variation if the concentrations are expressed relative to chloride concentration (3).…”

Section: Analysis Of Major Elemental Composition Of the Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the CaCOa system is not at equilibrium (4) though it is at steady state in any large body of water, and the reasons for this are only recently being clarified. This system is supersaturated in surface levels of the sea, even though only rarely does any precipitation occur.…”

Section: Analysis Of Major Elemental Composition Of the Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry in natural water systems: A general discussion

Coyne¹

1975

J. Chem. Educ.

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A general discussionConcern about the "diminished quality of life" which has accompanied rapid population growth and industrialization has become cliche. The natural framework within which air, water, soil, and noise pollution by industrial and agricultural contaminants must be limited is less easily described by most of us. Our hopes of setting meaningful standards for tolerable limits of contamination, however, rest on just this capacity for description of natural systems. Thence, defining whether or not our description is adequate, in turn, rests on several common sense principles 1) We must have a highly detailed concept of what constitutes normal composition and behavior for a living system, including its natural imperfections and redundancies, if we are to characterize conditions pathological to normal life processes. 2) We must have a regional, as opposed to a bulk, grasp of how a given mineralogical, atmospheric, or water system behaves if we are to predict accurately the concentration or dissipation of contaminants and nutrients at any particular location. We may choose to limit our region according to a variety of different properties, depending on the problem we are trying to solve. Perhaps our region was the scene of some special geological event, which exposed a vein of unusual ore to the action of the sea, perhaps an isothermal or isobaric contour in a large lake, which then (because of the nature of the equilibrium with dissolved CO2) supports the growth of particular algae; perhaps shrimp like to bed in this area, but not 50 ft outside it. This is to say, it would be fair to speak of the Atlantic Ocean as a homogeneous solution of 10" ionic species only if we are speaking in terms of systems of molecules with the following properties a) whose reaction kinetics are suited to bringing about equilibration of products in times short with respect to the residence time of the molecules in the region of interest.b) whose rate of introduction is homogeneous, or is in equilibrium with mixing times of the order of days to several thousand years.c) whose equilibrium thermodynamics are independent of temperature, pressure, proximity to sedimentary deposits and living matter.(For reference, the temperature extremes

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