Calcium and Exercise Affect the Growing Skeleton

Welch, Jo; Weaver, Connie M.

doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00373.x

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…The use of a within-subject study design does not control for the impact of systemic factors on the magnitude of skeletal adaptation induced by throwing. This area requires further investigation as systemic factors influence mechanosensitivity (2, 22, 23, 38). Further limitations include the relatively small sample size, particularly for the investigation of the influence of throwing mechanics on skeletal adaptation, and the restriction of assessments to the midshaft humerus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Midhumerus Adaptation in Fast-Pitch Softballers and the Effect of Throwing Mechanics

Bogenschutz

Smith

Warden

2011

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose Throwing is a vigorous activity that generates large internal loads. There is limited evidence of the effect of these loads on bone adaptation. The aim of this study was to investigate the: 1) magnitude of bone adaptation within the midshaft humerus of female fast-pitch softball players and 2) influence of throwing mechanics (windmill vs. overhand throwing) on the magnitude of adaptation. Methods Midshaft humeral bone mass, structure and estimated strength were assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography in fast-pitch softball players (throwers; n=15) and matched controls (controls; n=15). The effect of throwing was examined by comparing dominant-to-nondominant differences in throwers to controls, while the influence of mechanics was determined by comparing dominant-to-nondominant differences in throwers who primarily play as pitcher (windmill thrower), catcher (overhand thrower) or fielder (overhand thrower). Results Throwers had greater dominant-to-nondominant difference in midshaft humeral bone mass, structure and estimated strength relative to controls (all P<0.05). The largest effect was for estimated torsional strength with throwers having a mean dominant-to-nondominant difference of 22.5% (range, 6.7% to 43.9%) compared to 4.4% (range, -8.3% to 17.5%) in controls (P<0.001). Throwing mechanics appeared to influence the magnitude of skeletal adaptation, with overhand throwers having more than double dominant-to-nondominant difference in midshaft humeral bone mass, structure and estimated strength than windmill throwers (all P<0.05). Conclusion Throwing induces substantial skeletal adaptation at the midshaft humerus of the dominant upper extremity. Throwing mechanics appears to the influence the magnitude of adaptation as catchers and fielders (overhand throwers) had twice as much adaptation as pitchers (windmill throwers). The latter finding may have implications for skeletal injury risk at the midshaft humerus in throwing athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Midhumerus Adaptation in Fast-Pitch Softballers and the Effect of Throwing Mechanics

Bogenschutz

Smith

Warden

2011

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…Human studies are less clear in showing compensatory, additive, and synergistic interventions as reviewed by Welch and Weaver (2005). Regardless of some mixed findings, it is clear that inadequacy of dietary calcium and a lack of impact exercise are the most detrimental lifestyle choices to growing bone.…”

Section: Comments On Question 4: What Is the Interaction Between Physmentioning

confidence: 95%

Parallels Between Nutrition and Physical Activity: Research Questions in Development of Peak Bone Mass

Weaver

2015

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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Lifestyle choices are attributed to 40% to 60% of adult peak bone mass. The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) sought to update its 2000 consensus statement on peak bone mass and partnered with the American Society for Nutrition, which, in turn, charged a 9-member writing committee with using a systematic review approach to update the previous NOF guidelines. PubMed searches of the scientific literature from January 2000 through December 2014 were conducted on all relevant lifestyle choice factors and their relation to increasing bone mass during childhood and adolescence. The writing group concluded that there is strong evidence for the benefits of physical activity and calcium intake on bone mass accretion, moderately strong evidence for the benefits of vitamin D and dairy intake on bone mass and for physical activity on bone structure, and weaker evidence for other lifestyle choices. There were parallels and synergies between the benefits of diet and exercise on development of peak bone mass, but the type of evidence and public policy recommendations in the two disciplines differ in several important ways. Nutrition uses a more reductionist approach in contrast to physical activity, which uses a more global approach. This leads to differences in research priorities in the 2 disciplines. The disciplines can advance more quickly through collaboration and adoption of the best approaches from each other.

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“…Beginning prenatally and continuing through adolescence, bone continues to grow in length, width, and density (Boreham & McKay, 2011;Rizzoli et al, 2010). The most dramatic changes occur with the onset of puberty, primarily during Tanner stages 2 and 3 (Welch & Weaver, 2005), or ages 11 to 14 in girls and 12 to 17 in boys (Jackowski et al, 2011). During this time period, up to 34% (Jackowski et al, 2011) of adult bone mass is attained.…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Revision of the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test

et al. 2014

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The purpose of this study was to revise the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test (OKT) and evaluate its reliability and validity. The original OKT, developed in the early 1990 s, needed updating based on current research. A convenience sample of 105 adults completed the draft revised OKT. A subsample (n = 27) completed the questionnaire 2 weeks later to determine stability. The sample was recruited from diverse sites in western and northern Michigan over a year. The 32-item Revised OKT (2012) demonstrated internal consistency (total scale Kuder-Richardson-20 = .85, Nutrition subscale = .83, and Exercise subscale = .81). Test-retest analysis resulted in a Pearson correlation coefficient of .87. Validity was evaluated by content validity. Questions were examined for difficulty, effectiveness of distracters, and discrimination. In addition, measures of point-biserial, internal consistency and stability were determined. The Revised OKT (2012) is a comprehensive instrument reflecting current research and assesses osteoporosis knowledge of adults.

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Calcium and Exercise Affect the Growing Skeleton

Cited by 27 publications

References 126 publications

Midhumerus Adaptation in Fast-Pitch Softballers and the Effect of Throwing Mechanics

Midhumerus Adaptation in Fast-Pitch Softballers and the Effect of Throwing Mechanics

Parallels Between Nutrition and Physical Activity: Research Questions in Development of Peak Bone Mass

Revision of the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test

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