Calcite Precipitation in Hard Water Lakes in Calculation and Experiment

Proft, G.; Stutter, E.

doi:10.1002/iroh.19930780203

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The mechanism of the precipitation has been investigated and extensively discussed by several authors (Otsuki and Wetzel 1974;Proft and Stutter 1993), also in relation to the removal of phosphorus by co-precipitation (Stabel 1986;House 1990). In some cases high turbidity was observed at the chemocline by Cloern et al (1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Chemical properties of water in a flooded opencast sulphur mine

Żurek

2006

Aquat Ecol

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The chemical properties of water in the only flooded sulphur opencast mine in the world have been analysed. The reservoir has a depth of 22 m and is still continuously pumped, which affects the deeper tertiary aquifer. Instead of quaternary water being pumped out, tertiary water flows into the reservoir. Mineralisation of the water in this reservoir varied from 2000 to 10,000 mg dm )3 near the bottom. Light penetrates to 8 -10 m and this photic layer is oxygenated. The hypolimnion is only partially oxygenated and contains H 2 S. The monimolimnion is salty and also poisoned by H 2 S. Discriminant analysis shows three layers: upper 0 -10 m, transitional 10 -15 m and bottom 15 -22 m. Variability of the chemical properties is negligible through the year, excluding special situations such as ice melting. The transitional layer is rich in SO 4 2) -about 1000 mg dm )3 and unionized H 2 S. S 2) oxidation is very intensive, excess CaSO 4 precipitates at a depth of 10 m resulting in opacity. Above and below, these concentrations diminish. For this zone a new name is proposed: the katalimnion. In the bottom layer, NO 3 ) does not occur -whereas there is a high concentration of NH 4 + . Discrimination on the basis of chemical parameters divides the vertical profile into three levels: epi-+ meta-+ upper half of the hypolimnion, lower half of the hypolimnion and monimolimnion. This indicates that for sampling, three levels might be sufficient. The same analysis used for time showed a low differentiation in the annual cycle. These results can help in optimizing the monitoring scheme for this pit lake and reducing its cost.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Chemical properties of water in a flooded opencast sulphur mine

Żurek

2006

Aquat Ecol

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by algal photosynthesis) leads to an increase in pH and carbonate ion concentration so that heterogeneous nucleation of calcite eventually occurs (Wiechers, Sturrock & Marais, 1975). Other solutes are also removed from solution during calcite precipitation, including dissolved organic carbon and soluble inorganic phosphate (House & Donaldson, 1986;Proft & Stutter, 1993;Ulyanova, 1994;Hartley et al, 1995). The coprecipitation of inorganic phosphate with calcite leads to a reduction of biologically available phosphorus, and the association of the coprecipitate with algal cells can induce self-flocculation and deposition to the bottom sediments (Stabel, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of biofilms on chemical processes in surficial sediments

et al. 1999

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1. The objectives of the present work were: (a) to evaluate the effects of the development and the presence of a photosynthetically active algal biofilm on chemical fluxes and processes at the sediment–water interface; (b) to measure the effects of the biofilm on chemical concentration gradients in the bulk sediment; and (c) to monitor pH and dissolved oxygen concentration in the biofilm, and through the sediment–water interface using microelectrodes. 2. Two experiments were performed over a period of 8 weeks using a recirculating fluvarium channel containing river sediments with an exposed surface of 0.2 m2 and 20 dm3 of overlying solution. The first experiment was in darkness with minimal effects of a photosynthetically active biofilm. The second experiment in natural light produced a complex photosynthetic biofilm involving a succession of diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria. 3. The solution overlying the biofilm was monitored continuously for dissolved calcium, silicon, phosphorus, alkalinity and oxygen, as well as conductivity, temperature and pH. The surface of the sediment was also monitored for biological and physical changes as the biofilm developed. The overlying solution was analysed over a period of 48 h at 2‐h intervals to examine the effects of a well‐developed algal biofilm. At the end of the 48 h, pH and oxygen microelectrodes were used to measure gradients above and through the biofilm, and porewaters were analysed from sediments which had been longitudinally sectioned at a maximum depth resolution of 0.5 mm. 4. Biofilm development had a large influence on the composition of the overlying solution and the development of vertical concentration gradients of solutes in the porewater. Once a diatom community was established, the concentration of dissolved silicon was low (< 40 μm), with all the silicon diffusing from the underlying sediment being consumed in the biofilm (≈ 0.026 μmol m−2 s−1 at the end of the experiment). 5. The concentrations of calcium, alkalinity and phosphorus in digested sediment increased near the sediment–water interface. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that calcite was formed at the surface. Estimation of the fluxes of alkalinity and calcium in the overlying solution were consistent with calcite formation during daylight and possible dissolution in darkness. The maximum precipitation flux of calcium was 0.87 μmol m−2 s−1 and the maximum net release flux was 0.89 μmol m−2 s−1. 6. The net loss of soluble reactive phosphorus from the overlying solution measured over the intensive sampling period of 48 h is consistent with a coprecipitation mechanism and a surface density of phosphorus included in the lattice of calcite of 0.097 μmol m−2. Processes in the biofilm rather than diffusion from the sediment porewater control chemical fluxes of calcium, alkalinity and phosphorus from the sediment to the overlying water.

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“…Successful lime treatment has been conducted in eutrophic hardwater lakes ( Prepas et al . 1990 ;Proft & Stutter 1993;Babin et al . 1994 ), ponds dug for drinking water in prairie land ( Murphy et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between zooplankton community structure and phytoplankton in two lime‐treated eutrophic hardwater lakes

et al. 1998

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1. North Halfmoon Lake and Lofty Lake (Alberta, Canada) were chosen for whole‐lake liming experiments as a new restoration technology to enhance calcite precipitation and reduce eutrophication. During a 3‐year study (1991–93) the relationships between zooplankton and phytoplankton were assessed, together with the effects of lime additions. 2. Zooplankton communities were numerically dominated by rotifers, while the major contribution to biomass was due to large filter‐feeding Daphnia during the first half of the summer season. In Lofty Lake, cladocerans made up to 93% of biomass, whereas in North Halfmoon Lake both cladocerans and calanoids were strongly represented. 3. Total zooplankton and cladoceran biomasses were inversely correlated with chlorophyll a (chl a). The same relationship was found between large Daphnia (≥ 1 mm) and chl a. These relationships suggest that the decline in Daphnia may have been caused by an increase in cyanobacteria biomass during bloom events. 4. There were minor changes in rotifer populations after liming; however, these changes have been caused by natural year‐to‐year variation rather than liming. In general, cladocerans showed an increase in body size and population biomass when pre and post‐treatment data were compared by means of ANCOVA. Statistical analysis showed that there were more cladocerans per unit of chl a after liming; however, further research is needed to relate these patterns unambiguously to the application of lime as a restoration technology.

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Calcite Precipitation in Hard Water Lakes in Calculation and Experiment

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Chemical properties of water in a flooded opencast sulphur mine

Chemical properties of water in a flooded opencast sulphur mine

The effects of biofilms on chemical processes in surficial sediments

Relationships between zooplankton community structure and phytoplankton in two lime‐treated eutrophic hardwater lakes

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