Calcined Clay as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Abstract

Calcined clays are the only potential materials available in large quantities to meet the requirements of eco-efficient cement-based materials by reducing the clinker content in blended cements or reducing the cement content in concrete. More than 200 recent research papers on the idea of replacing Portland cement with large amounts of calcined clay are presented and discussed in detail. First, the fundamental information about the properties and structure of clay minerals is described. Then, the process of activation and hydration of clays is discussed, including the methods of pozzolanic activity assessment. Additionally, various testing methods of clays from different worldwide deposits are presented. The application of calcined clay in cement and concrete technology is then introduced. A separate chapter is devoted to lime calcined clay cement. Then an influence of calcined clay on durability of concrete is summarized. Finally, conclusions are formulated.

Special Issue: Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete, Part I

“…properties of modified cement matrix composites reinforced with fibers [14,[18][19][20]; • application of new types of supplementary cementitious materials [13,16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]; • characterization of various types of modified cement based materials [18,21,23,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

“…The issues of the original research papers and stat-of-the art reviews published in this Special Issue of Materials, and coming from over 45 international universities and scientific centres, can be divided as follows: permeability and diffusivity, which are directly related to the quality of concrete and to the durability in various aggressive environments [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]; properties of modified cement matrix composites reinforced with fibers [ 14 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]; application of new types of supplementary cementitious materials [ 13 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]; characterization of various types of modified cement based materials [ 18 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. …”

“…characterization of various types of modified cement based materials [ 18 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…The state-of-the-art review presented by Jaskulski et al [ 27 ] concerned various aspects of calcined clays application as a supplementary cementitious material. In more than 200 recent research papers, the authors discussed in detail the idea of replacing Portland cement with large amounts of calcined clay.…”

Use of Potabilized Water Sludge in the Production of Low-Energy Blended Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements

“…The energy saving and CO2 emission reduction become higher if we compare an OPC CEM I-type cement (composed by 95% clinker and 5% gypsum) with a CSA binder (constituted by 85% clinker and 15% gypsum); these reductions are even more significant if we blend CSA cements with SCMs, such as TTWPSs. In particular, if flash calcination is employed for the thermal treatment of WPSs, the energy required and the associated CO2 emissions are 2211 MJ/tWPSS and 0.20 tCO2/tWPSS, respectively [79,80]. The calculated values for both energy requirement and CO2 emissions for OPC and CSA-based binders are reported in Table 2.…”