Calcified tissues in the earliest vertebrates

Halstead, L. B.

doi:10.1007/bf02058654

Cited by 57 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Obruchev (1941Obruchev ( , 1964 later resurrected Rohon's (1893) hypothesis, interpreting the tissue as cellular and the thread-like cavities as cell lacunae or canaliculi. This interpretation was supported by Halstead (1969Halstead ( , 1973Halstead ( , 1974Halstead Tarlo, 1963, b, 1965 and Novitskaya (1966). The opposing view, that the elongate spaces represent voids of unmineralised collagen fibres (most frequently identified as Sharpey's fibres), was maintained by Gross (1935), Bystrow (1955), Ørvig (1951, 1965, 1967, 1968), and Moss (1968b).…”

Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Inevitably, confusion over the identity of the unmineralised aspidin spaces spilled into the wider debate concerning the primitiveness of cellular versus acellular bone. Within this context, aspidin has variously been interpreted as a primitive acellular type of bone (Denison, 1963;Halstead, 1987), a secondarily acellular bone (Stensi€ o, 1927;Ørvig, 1951, a primitive type of cellular bone (Obruchev, 1941(Obruchev, , 1964Halstead Tarlo, 1963Halstead, 1969), a type of dentine (Urist, 1962(Urist, , 1964aDenison, 1967) and an intermediate grade between dentine and bone (Halstead, 1973). Urist (1962Urist ( , 1964a argued that aspidin could not be a type of bone on the grounds that it did not undergo remodelling, yet tentative evidence of resorption was reported in the psammosteids in the form of scalloping of concentric aspidin lamellae (Gross, 1930;Halstead Tarlo, 1963.…”

Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lamellar tissue of the basal layer was included by Gross (1930) in his original definition of aspidin and later differentiated by Halstead (1969) as 'lamellar aspidin', based on the presence of obliquely aligned true Sharpey's fibres. Wang et al (2005) and Donoghue et al (2006) drew comparison between the basal plywood-like layer in heterostracans and osteostracans and the basal 'isopedin' layer of the osteichthyan dermal skeleton.…”

Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The histological structure of these tissues is routinely preserved in exquisite detail and has been the subject of study for as long as the fossils have been known (e.g., Agassiz, 1835). However, despite these numerous studies, the nature of the primitive dermal skeleton remains unclear, principally because early attempts to synthesise these data were derived primarily from a strict stratigraphic reading of fossil occurrences (Halstead, 1969(Halstead, , 1973Ørvig, 1967). More recently, cladistics has provided a framework in which to integrate these disparate data, yet current rudimentary knowledge of the diversity and evolution of the dermal skeleton in heterostracans precludes understanding the plesiomorphic vertebrate dermal skeleton.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton

Keating

Marquart

Donoghue

2015

Journal of Morphology

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Living vertebrates are divided into those that possess a fully formed and fully mineralised skeleton (gnathostomes) versus those that possess only unmineralised cartilaginous rudiments (cyclostomes). As such, extinct phylogenetic intermediates of these living lineages afford unique insights into the evolutionary assembly of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton and its canonical tissue types. Extinct jawless and jawed fishes assigned to the gnathostome stem evidence the piecemeal assembly of skeletal systems, revealing that the dermal skeleton is the earliest manifestation of a homologous mineralised skeleton. Yet the nature of the primitive dermal skeleton, itself, is poorly understood. This is principally because previous histological studies of early vertebrates lacked a phylogenetic framework required to derive evolutionary hypotheses. Nowhere is this more apparent than within Heterostraci, a diverse clade of primitive jawless vertebrates. To this end, we surveyed the dermal skeletal histology of heterostracans, inferred the plesiomorphic heterostracan skeleton and, through histological comparison to other skeletonising vertebrate clades, deduced the ancestral nature of the vertebrate dermal skeleton. Heterostracans primitively possess a fourlayered skeleton, comprising a superficial layer of odontodes composed of dentine and enameloid; a compact layer of acellular parallel-fibred bone containing a network of vascular canals that supply the pulp canals (L1); a trabecular layer consisting of intersecting radial walls composed of acellular parallel-fibred bone, showing osteon-like development (L2); and a basal layer of isopedin (L3). A three layered skeleton, equivalent to the superficial layer L2 and L3 and composed of enameloid, dentine and acellular bone, is possessed by the ancestor of heterostracans 1 jawed vertebrates. We conclude that an osteogenic component is plesiomorphic with respect to the vertebrate dermal skeleton. Consequently, we interpret the dermal skeleton of denticles in chondrichthyans and jawless thelodonts as independently and secondarily simplified. J.

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Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton

Keating

Marquart

Donoghue

2015

Journal of Morphology

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“…Some membranous bones in higher vertebrate taxa are homologous to cartilage in lower taxa (Denison, 1963;Halstead, 1969;Hall, 1975). For example, the scleral ossicle, a membranous bone in the chick, is cartilaginous in EZasrnobrunchii (Hall, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient expression of type II collagen and tissue mobilization during development of the scleral ossicle, a membranous bone, in the chick embryo

Watanabe

Bruder

Caplan

1994

Developmental Dynamics

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Development of the chick sclera1 ossicle was studied with respect to expression of various collagen types, cartilage matrix molecules, and osteoblastic cell surface antigens. The extra-cellular matrix of the scleral ossicle primordium of stage 35.5 chick sclera and the mesenchyme beneath the conjunctival epithelium was immunoreactive with anti-type I1 collagen antibody, giving the impression that certain materials and/or cell clusters surrounded by reactive matrix were descending from the epithelial-mesenchyma1 interface to the scleral ossicle primordium. In stage 37 embryos, type I1 collagen immunoreactivity was restricted to the bone matrix of the scleral ossicles, and persisted through stage 39. However, at stage 41, virtually no type I1 collagen was detected. In contrast, strong immunostaining of type I collagen was first detected in the developing scleral ossicle at stage 37, coinciding with the formation of mineralized bone matrix. Following the extensive accumulation of type I collagen in bone matrix, type XI1 collagen was detected at the surface of the bone; both type I and type XI1 collagen immunostainings then remained. By stage 37, immunoreactivity with a pre-osteoblastic cell surface marker was detected on cells of the scleral ossicle, and typical osteocytes were subsequently identified by both morphological and specific immunostaining techniques. Antibodies other than for type I1 collagen, specific to chondrogenic mesenchyme or cartilage matrix, never reacted with the scleral ossicle and its primordium during development. Taken together, these observations indicate that the scleral ossicle is a membranous bone, whose development may not require overt chondrogenesis. Implications of type I1 collagen distribution during the positioning of scleral ossicles and their early bone matrix formation are discussed with respect to the origin and evolution of endoskeletons in vertebrate animals.

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Mineralized spherules in cartilage of bone revealed by cytochemical methods

Kashiwa

1970

Am. J. Anat.

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Calcified tissues in the earliest vertebrates

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton

Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton

Transient expression of type II collagen and tissue mobilization during development of the scleral ossicle, a membranous bone, in the chick embryo

Mineralized spherules in cartilage of bone revealed by cytochemical methods

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