Calcification of hypertrophic cartilage in vitro

Effects of Fluoride on Developing Bones in Tissue Culture

“…This confirms and extends the observations of previous workers (1,2,6) and emphasizes the importance of phosphorylative glycogenolysis in relationship to calcification. Sodium fluoride is known to inhibit enolase, the enzyme immediately involved in the production of phospho-pyruvate.…”

The formation of urine in the amphibian and mammalian kidney

“…after the injection of urea the fluorescence began to fade in the epithelium and lumen of the proximal tubules and later from the lumen of the tubules lower down (Figs. 3-7 [Robison & Rosenheim, 1934] and then stained with silver nitrate or orange G; they showed marked calcification of the epithelium of the proximal tubules and sometimes of the walls of the renal arteries. This was never found in kidneys of untreated control frogs.…”

Maternal transference of fluorine

“…In any case the results give definite evidence of maternal transference, and even though only a very much smaller concentration arising in a similar way might be found in children, these smaller concentrations would most likely be significant in view of the very low effective concentration of fluorine found by Robison and Rosenheim [1934]. Human beings must either be more sensitive to lower concentrations of fluorine, or small concentrations are more effective in them than in rats, because of the longer time of gestation.…”

“…In human beings fluorine in the drinking water produces a characteristic mottling of permanent teeth, first observed by Black and McKay [1916], proved to be due to fluorine by Smith et al [1931], and Smith [1935] reported true mottling of the temporary teeth of artificially fed children in a fluorine water area. They maintain that this was not due to an in utero effect of the fluorine but must have been brought about during postnatal calcification when the children were receiving milk foods prepared with fluorine-containing water.…”