Calcareous Deposits on Metal Surfaces in Seawater—A Critical Review

Hartt, William H.; Culberson, Charles H.; Smith, Sinclair

doi:10.5006/1.3581927

Cited by 130 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The mechanism for the formation of calcareous deposit under cathodic protection has well been documented [18,[24][25][26]29]. The oxygen reduction is the dominating reaction on the metal surface at the potential from −0.50 V to −0.80 V without hydrogen evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of calcareous deposits is influenced by many factors, such as temperature, hydrostatic pressure (depth), velocity, chemistry of sea water; current density, potential and period of cathodic polarization; biofilms; substrate materials and surface preparation; and so on [26,[28][29][30][31][32]. The precipitated mechanism and the protective property of calcareous deposits on carbon steel substrate have been thoroughly studied [18,22,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution of Calcareous Deposits and Passive Film on 304 Stainless Steel with Cathodic Polarization in Sea Water

Sun

Huang

et al. 2018

Coatings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The change of protective current density, the formation and growth of calcareous deposits, and the evolution of passive film on 304 stainless steel (SS) were investigated at different potentials of cathodic polarization in sea water. Potentiostatic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface analysis techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the surface conditions. It was found that the protective current density was smaller for keeping polarization at −0.80 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), same as below) than that at −0.65 V. The calcareous deposits could not be formed on 304 SS with polarization at −0.50 V while it was well protected. The formation rate, the morphology, and the constituent of the calcareous deposits depended on the applied potential. The resistance of passive film on 304 SS decreased at the first stage and then increased when polarized at −0.80 V and −0.65 V, which was related to the reduction and the repair of passive film. For the stainless steel polarized at −0.50 V, the film resistance increased with polarization time, indicating that the growth of oxide film was promoted.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Calcareous Deposits and Passive Film on 304 Stainless Steel with Cathodic Polarization in Sea Water

Sun

Huang

et al. 2018

Coatings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide are important, because they serve to limit diffusion of oxygen to the cathode. This results in enhanced oxygen concentration polarization and a lower net current density to maintain the same polarization level of CP [8][9][10]. The formation of these protective films significantly affects the material response and overall ICCP performance and control.…”

Section: Surface Kinetic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation plan for boundary element method modeling of impressed current cathodic protection system design and control response

Hogan¹,

McElman²,

Lemieux³

et al. 2007

WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, Vol 54

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the past 20 years, the US Navy has used the physical scale modeling (PSM) technique to design effective cathodic protection (CP) systems for the ships underwater hull, nickel-aluminum-bronze props and other hull components. In more recent years, a number of computational techniques have been devised in an attempt to fulfill this purpose. Physical models have proven highly adept at ICCP design, since modeled information provides a direct relationship to the actual hull and can be scaled up directly because of confidence in the physically measured data. Boundary element (BE) models have been correspondingly devised that mimic actual hull design and even the PSM layout, but because the BE method is a computational methodology, the calculated data requires systematic validation with a physical analog to insure confidence in the control response. BE literature has discussed design issues regarding mesh layout, intrinsic geometric complexities, accuracy of material response input, the predictive engineering design capability for zonal response, and assessment of electric field response. It does not significantly discuss the accuracy of the BE model calculated work predictive design capability, without the need for "tweaking," and ultimately a rigorous validation of both the mesh and resultant system design technique. This paper presents validation requirements, for any BE model, that is inherently robust enough to be used for CP design and control, and a proposed four-point methodology that will allow for the comprehensive validation of the BE model to predict the ICCP control responses and system performance behavior.

show abstract

“…Highest percent element composition of Mg which formed become solid (Mg(OH)R 2 R) compared to Ca which formed become CaCOR 3 R, because solubility of CaCOR 3 R is very affected by the carbonate system in the sea water (Hilbertz, 1979;Hartt 1984). The amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water declines with increasing temperature.…”

Section: Mineral Element Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineral accretion process is applying a low voltage direct electrical current through electrodes causing mineral crystals naturally found in seawater, mainly calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, to grow on the structure (Hilbertz, 1979;Hartt 1984). The composite of limestone and brucite which found on the structure is similar to the composition of natural coral reefs (Lee, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode Materials (Magnesium, Aluminum, and Titanium)

Zamani¹,

Bachtiar²,

Madduppa³

et al. 2010

J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biorock® technique is the earliest methods to rehabilitate the damage of coral reef ecosystem. Its improvement is need to carry on since it is subject to some inhibitions in particular the dependence of expensively-imported Titanium (Ti) as the anode materials. The main purpose of this research was to find the best anode material as a possible subtitution which can be economically and easily to apply in Indonesia. Therefore we compared Titanium (Ti) with two other potential anodes material (Magnesium-Mg, and Aluminum (Al). The laboratory study was carried out for two days period (48 hours) in the stagnant sea water aquaria. Four aquarium tanks were treated by different electric current treatment (1 Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 Ampere, respectively). The reduction of electrode weigh (anode and cathode) was measured. During the experiment, water quality (i.e. pH, and salinity) and mineral waters (calcium) were collected every 6 hour in 48 hours. The solid form of calcium carbonate was analyzed using XDS (X-ray Dispersion Spectrophotometer). The accretion rates on cathode and anode decay were compared between anodes which were treated by different electrical current. Based on the study, three anodes (aluminum, magnesium and titanium) showed different respond. Titanium and Magnesium anode showed electric current affected accretion rate (P < 1), while for aluminum anode showed no differences on treatments.

show abstract

Calcareous Deposits on Metal Surfaces in Seawater—A Critical Review

Cited by 130 publications

References 0 publications

Evolution of Calcareous Deposits and Passive Film on 304 Stainless Steel with Cathodic Polarization in Sea Water

Evolution of Calcareous Deposits and Passive Film on 304 Stainless Steel with Cathodic Polarization in Sea Water

Validation plan for boundary element method modeling of impressed current cathodic protection system design and control response

Study on Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode Materials (Magnesium, Aluminum, and Titanium)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About