Cajal-Retzius cells: organizers of cortical development

Kilb, Werner; Frotscher, Michael

doi:10.1515/s13295-016-0031-5

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Later born neurons invade the CP and terminate at the upper border of the CP, establishing the inside-first outside-last pattern in neocortical development. Cajal-Retzius cells, a specific population of neurons located in the MZ, are essential for the establishment of this inside-first outside-last pattern (for review Frotscher, 1998 ; Kirischuk et al, 2014 ; Kilb and Frotscher, 2016 ). Early born neurons in the SP are at the same time elementary for the development of adequate thalamocortical connections and the formation of functional cortical columns (for review Luhmann, 2003 ; Luhmann et al, 2009 ; Kanold and Luhmann, 2010 ).…”

Section: Sequence Of Neocortical Developmental Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Neocortical Development by Early Neuronal Activity: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Kirischuk

Sinning

Blanquie

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Animal and human studies revealed that patterned neuronal activity is an inherent feature of developing nervous systems. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the mechanisms generating early electrical activity patterns and their impact on structural and functional development of the cerebral cortex. All neocortical areas display distinct spontaneous and sensory-driven neuronal activity patterns already at early phases of development. At embryonic stages, intermittent spontaneous activity is synchronized within small neuronal networks, becoming more complex with further development. This transition is accompanied by a gradual shift from electrical to chemical synaptic transmission, with a particular role of non-synaptic tonic currents before the onset of phasic synaptic activity. In this review article we first describe functional impacts of classical neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate) and modulatory systems (e.g., acetylcholine, ACh) on early neuronal activities in the neocortex with special emphasis on electrical synapses, nonsynaptic and synaptic currents. Early neuronal activity influences probably all developmental processes and is crucial for the proper formation of neuronal circuits. In the second part of our review, we illustrate how specific activity patterns might interfere with distinct neurodevelopmental processes like proliferation, migration, axonal and dendritic sprouting, synapse formation and neurotransmitter specification. Finally, we present evidence that transient alterations in neuronal activity during restricted perinatal periods can lead to persistent changes in functional connectivity and therefore might underlie the manifestation of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases.

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