Caged Molecules: Principles and Practical Considerations

Kao, Joseph P. Y.

doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0620s37

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…The thinness of hippocampal slice cultures facilitates the present experiments by reducing UV scattering compared with acute tissue slices. The longwavelength fluorescent dye Alexa 568 (100 M; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) was included in the recording pipettes to allow visualization of the fine terminal branches without inadvertent photolysis of the caged glutamate [500 M Nmoc-Glu (N-(o-nitromandelyl)oxycarbonyl-Lglutamic acid) or N- (Kao, 2006). The amount of photoreleased glutamate was controlled by varying the UV laser pulse duration with a shutter (NM Laser Products, Sunnyvale, CA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperexcitability of Distal Dendrites in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells after Chronic Partial Deafferentation

Cai¹,

Wei²,

Gallagher³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Traumatic injury to the CNS results in chronic partial deafferentation of subsets of surviving neurons. Such injuries are often followed by a delayed but long-lasting period of aberrant hyperexcitability. The cellular mechanisms underlying this delayed hyperexcitability are poorly understood. We developed an in vitro model of deafferentation and reactive hyperexcitability using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to study the underlying cellular mechanisms. One week after transection of the Schaffer collateral and temporoammonic afferents to CA1 neurons, brief tetanic stimulation of the residual excitatory synapses produced abnormally prolonged depolarizations, compared with responses in normally innervated neurons. Responses to weak stimulation, in contrast, were unaffected after deafferentation. Direct stimulation of distal apical dendrites using focal photolysis of caged glutamate triggered abnormally prolonged plateau potentials in the deafferented neurons when strong stimulation was given, but responses to weak stimulation were not different from controls. An identical phenotype was produced by chronic "chemical deafferentation" with glutamate receptor antagonists. Responses to strong synaptic and photolytic stimulation were selectively prolonged by small-conductance (SK-type) calcium-activated potassium channel blockers in normally innervated cells but not after deafferentation. No significant changes in SK2 mRNA or protein levels, GABAergic inhibition, glutamate receptor function, input resistance, or action potential parameters were observed after chronic deafferentation. We suggest that a posttranslational downregulation of SK channel function in thin distal dendrites is a significant contributor to deafferentation-induced reactive hyperexcitability.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperexcitability of Distal Dendrites in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells after Chronic Partial Deafferentation

Cai¹,

Wei²,

Gallagher³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…Caged molecules are molecules that were rendered inert by chemically modifying the structure of a bioactive molecule. Irradiation transforms and/or cleaves the caged molecule to restore the biological activity, which is commonly referred to as “photorelease” or “uncaging” (Kao, 2006). The resulting active molecules can be agonists or antagonists.…”

Section: Stimulation Of Cranial Nervesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photons and neurons

Richter

Tan

2014

Hearing Research

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Methods to control neural activity by light have been introduced to the field of neuroscience. During the last decade, several techniques have been established, including optogenetics, thermogenetics, and infrared neural stimulation. The techniques allow investigators to turn-on or turn-off neural activity. This review is an attempt to show the importance of the techniques for the auditory field and provide insight in the similarities, overlap, and differences of the techniques. Discussing the mechanism of each of the techniques will shed light on the abilities and challenges for each of the techniques. The field has been grown tremendously and a review cannot be complete. However, efforts are made to summarize the important points and to refer the reader to excellent papers and reviews to specific topics.

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“…In contrast to optogenetic techniques, in which light sensitivity of a neuron is conferred by artificial expression of a light-sensitive cation-channel [3], INS results in direct stimulation of unmodified neuronal tissue, making it potentially easier to translate to human applications. Further, INS does not require the addition of exogenous drugs as a transduction substrate, as is the case with the use of caged neurotransmitters [4,5]. However, debate regarding the mechanisms that underlie INS, and variability in the results obtained in the limited number of INS studies described in the literature, have confounded the rapid investigation of this technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro neuronal depolarization and increased synaptic activity induced by infrared neural stimulation

Entwisle

McMullan

Bokiniec

et al. 2016

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Neuronal responses to infrared neural stimulation (INS) are explored at the single cell level using patch-clamp electrophysiology. We examined membrane and synaptic responses of solitary tract neurons recorded in acute slices prepared from the Sprague-Dawley rat. Neurons were stimulated using a compact 1890 nm waveguide laser with light delivered to a small target area, comparable to the size of a single cell, via a single-mode fiber. We show that infrared radiation increased spontaneous synaptic event frequency, and evoked steady-state currents and neuronal depolarization. The magnitude of the responses was proportional to laser output.

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Caged Molecules: Principles and Practical Considerations

Cited by 27 publications

References 93 publications

Hyperexcitability of Distal Dendrites in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells after Chronic Partial Deafferentation

Hyperexcitability of Distal Dendrites in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells after Chronic Partial Deafferentation

Photons and neurons

In vitro neuronal depolarization and increased synaptic activity induced by infrared neural stimulation

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