Caffeine use in children: What we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry

Temple, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001

Cited by 285 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 206 publications

(294 reference statements)

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“…However, to the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first studies published to quantitatively assess the age at of ED initiation. While the European Food Safety Authority (2015) were unable to determine a safe level of caffeine intake for children due to insufficient evidence, recent systematic reviews have highlighted that children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to negative acute physiological side-effects, as well as dependence and withdrawal (Seifert, 2011;Temple, 2009). Relevant to this sample of people who use drugs, children and adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to caffeine's reinforcing effects.…”

Section: Ed and Other Novel Caffeine Product Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relevant to this sample of people who use drugs, children and adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to caffeine's reinforcing effects. Caffeine use may result in crosssensitisation to alcohol and other drugs, whereby rewarding responses to other psychoactive drugs is enhanced following habitual use of caffeine (Temple, 2009). This growing body of evidence, plus a lack of data regarding long-term outcomes of ED use during childhood and adolescence, reinforces arguments for a precautionary approach to ED use in this period, and discussion of age restrictions on sales, better labelling, and targeted education.…”

Section: Ed and Other Novel Caffeine Product Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…ED marketing promoting the psychoactive effects of the beverage (Reissig et al, 2009), and iii.) caffeinated ED consumption resulting in 'cross-sensitisation' whereby the dopamine system is primed to respond in a rewarding and reinforcing manner to alcohol and other stimulant drugs (Arria et al, 2014;Ferré, 2013;Temple, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy drink use frequency among an international sample of people who use drugs: Associations with other substance use and well-being

Peacock

Bruno

Ferris

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Highlights 74,864 people who use drugs participated in the online Global Drug Survey 2014  Energy drink, caffeine tablet and spray use was reported by 69.2%, 24.5% and 4.9%  Greater energy drink use frequency was associated with drug use  Greater use frequency was associated with hazardous drinking and poorer wellbeing 2 AbstractObjective: The study aims were to identify: i.) energy drink (ED), caffeine tablet, and caffeine intranasal spray use amongst a sample who report drug use, and ii.) the association between ED use frequency and demographic profile, drug use, hazardous drinking, and wellbeing.Method: Participants (n=74,864) who reported drug use completed the online 2014 Global Drug Survey. They provided data on demographics, ED use, and alcohol and drug use, completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), and reported whether they wished to reduce alcohol use.Results: Lifetime ED, caffeine tablet and intranasal caffeine spray use was reported by 69.2%, 24.5% and 4.9%. Median age of ED initiation was 16 years. For those aged 16 to 37, median years using EDs increased from 4 to 17 years of consumption, where it declined thereafter. Greater ED use frequency was associated with: being male; under 21 years of age; studying; and past year caffeine tablet/intranasal spray, tobacco, cannabis, amphetamine, MDMA, and cocaine use. Past year, infrequent (1-4 days) and frequent (≥5 days) past month ED consumers reported higher AUDIT scores and lower PWI scores than lifetime abstainers; past month consumers were less likely to report a desire to reduce alcohol use.Conclusions: ED use is part of a complex interplay of drug use, alcohol problems, and poorer personal wellbeing, and ED use frequency may be a flag for current/future problems.Prospective research is required exploring where ED use fits within the trajectory of other alcohol and drug use.

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Section: Ed and Other Novel Caffeine Product Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ed and Other Novel Caffeine Product Usementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Energy drink use frequency among an international sample of people who use drugs: Associations with other substance use and well-being

Peacock

Bruno

Ferris

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…Caffeine intake is positively correlated with substance-use disorders (Kendler et al, 2006), illicit drug use and other risky behaviors in young adults (Miller, 2008). Although moderate caffeine consumption in adults is considered relatively safe, there has been little research examining the long-term consequences of caffeine on the behavioral and neurobiological systems associated with substance use (Temple, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Adolescent Caffeine Consumption on Cocaine Sensitivity

O’Neill

Levis

Schreiner

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance, and consumption by adolescents has risen markedly in recent years. We identified the effects of adolescent caffeine consumption on cocaine sensitivity and determined neurobiological changes within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that may underlie caffeine-induced hypersensitivity to cocaine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed caffeine (0.3 g/l) or water for 28 days during adolescence (postnatal day 28-55; P28-P55) or adulthood (P67-P94). Testing occurred in the absence of caffeine during adulthood (P62-82 or P101-121). Cocaine-induced and quinpirole (D 2 receptor agonist)-induced locomotion was enhanced in rats that consumed caffeine during adolescence. Adolescent consumption of caffeine also enhanced the development of a conditioned place preference at a sub-threshold dose of cocaine (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.). These behavioral changes were not observed in adults consuming caffeine for an equivalent period of time. Sucrose preferences were not altered in rats that consumed caffeine during adolescence, suggesting there are no differences in natural reward. Caffeine consumption during adolescence reduced basal dopamine levels and augmented dopamine release in the NAc in response to cocaine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Caffeine consumption during adolescence also increased the expression of the dopamine D 2 receptor, dopamine transporter, and adenosine A 1 receptor and decreased adenosine A 2A receptor expression in the NAc. Consumption of caffeine during adulthood increased adenosine A 1 receptor expression in the NAc, but no other protein expression changes were observed. Together these findings suggest that caffeine consumption during adolescence produced changes in the NAc that are evident in adulthood and may contribute to increases in cocaine-mediated behaviors.

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“…Evidence from the literature shows that a lack of sleep or poor sleeping pattern in children is associated with behaviour problems (26)(27)(28) . In addition, several studies have established that sugarsweetened beverages increase sleep problems and sleep disruptions (29)(30)(31) , which is hypothesized to be due to caffeine (32)(33)(34) and sugar (35) . However, there is evidence that food insecurity is associated with poor sleep outcomes (36) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems: the role of food insecurity and sleep patterns

King¹

2016

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine whether the association between soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems differs by food security status and sleep patterns in young children. Design: Cross-sectional observational data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), which collected information on food insecurity, soft drinks consumption, sleep patterns and child behaviour problems. Bivariate and multivariate ordinary least-squares regression analyses predicting child behaviour problems and accounting for socio-economic factors and household characteristics were performed. Setting: Twenty urban cities in the USA with a population of 200 000 or more. Subjects: Parental interviews of 2829 children who were about 5 years old. Results: Soft drinks consumption was associated with aggressive behaviours, withdrawn and attention problems for children aged 5 years. However, the association differed by food security status. The association was mostly statistically insignificant among food-secure children after accounting for socio-economic and demographic characteristics. On the other hand, soft drinks consumption was associated with behaviour problems for food-insecure children even after accounting for these factors. However, after accounting for child sleep patterns, the association between soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems became statistically insignificant for food-insecure children. Conclusions: The negative association between soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems could be explained by sleep problems for food-insecure children. Since about 21 % of households with children are food insecure, targeted efforts to reduce food insecurity would help improve dietary (reduce soft drinks consumption) and health behaviours (improve sleep) and reduce child behaviour problems.

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Caffeine use in children: What we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry

Cited by 285 publications

References 206 publications

Energy drink use frequency among an international sample of people who use drugs: Associations with other substance use and well-being

Energy drink use frequency among an international sample of people who use drugs: Associations with other substance use and well-being

Effects of Adolescent Caffeine Consumption on Cocaine Sensitivity

Soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems: the role of food insecurity and sleep patterns

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