Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System.

Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.3.453

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…When primed with unrelated words, the caffeine subgroup produced an increase in tip-of-the-tongue states. This contrasting effect provides evidence that the positive priming effect of caffeine was not the result of increased alertness [53].…”

Section: Caffeine and Long-term Memorymentioning

confidence: 80%

Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer?

Nehlig

2010

JAD

303

252

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Abstract. The effects of caffeine on cognition were reviewed based on the large body of literature available on the topic. Caffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally, caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders performance in tasks that heavily depend on working memory, and caffeine appears to rather improve memory performance under suboptimal alertness conditions. Most studies, however, found improvements in reaction time. The ingestion of caffeine does not seem to affect long-term memory. At low doses, caffeine improves hedonic tone and reduces anxiety, while at high doses, there is an increase in tense arousal, including anxiety, nervousness, jitteriness. The larger improvement of performance in fatigued subjects confirms that caffeine is a mild stimulant. Caffeine has also been reported to prevent cognitive decline in healthy subjects but the results of the studies are heterogeneous, some finding no age-related effect while others reported effects only in one sex and mainly in the oldest population. In conclusion, it appears that caffeine cannot be considered a 'pure' cognitive enhancer. The indirect action of caffeine on arousal, mood and concentration contributes in large part to its cognitive enhancing properties.

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Section: Caffeine and Long-term Memorymentioning

confidence: 80%

Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer?

Nehlig

2010

JAD

303

252

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“…The target word has sufficient activation to trigger the TOT, but does not have sufficient activation to trigger recall (Brown & McNeill, 1966;Perfect & Hanley, 1992). This assumption still guides research on the phenomenon (Galdo-Alvarez, Lindin, & Diaz, 2009;Hamberger & Seidel, 2003;Lesk & Womble, 2004). However, newer models postulate multiple processes of retrieval or multiple levels of representation (see Brown, 2011;Gollan & Brown, 2006;Kornell & Metcalfe, 2006).…”

Section: Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, any partial or related information the person retrieves about Sydney will fuel the TOT, even though this answer is incorrect. In lexical-retrieval theory, these TOTs are often dismissed as negative TOTs and not further considered (Lesk & Womble, 2004). However, for metacognitive views, the study of these TOTs is critical.…”

Section: Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: retrieval, behavior, and experience

2011

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The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the feeling that accompanies temporary inaccessibility of an item that a person is trying to retrieve. TOTs have been studied experimentally since the seminal work of Brown and McNeill (1966). TOTs are experiences that accompany some failed or slow retrievals, and they can result in changes in retrieval behavior itself, allowing us to study the interplay among experience, retrieval, and behavior. We often attribute the experience of the TOT to the unretrieved target, but TOTs are based on a variety of cues, heuristics, or sources of evidence, such as partial information, related information, and cue familiarity, that predict the likelihood of overcoming retrieval failure. We present a synthesis of the direct-access view, which accounts for retrieval failure, and the heuristic-metacognitive view, which accounts for the experience of the TOT. We offer several avenues for future research and applications of TOT theory and data.Keywords Tip-of-the-tongue states . Metamemory . Metacognition . Retrieval . Lexical retrieval As if waiting always for another word-"at the tip of the tongue" we say, one thinks of all the places tongues have been and what they learned there, names.-Robert Kelly (2009), "The Will of Achilles"The poet Robert Kelly expressed in this poem an experience most of us have shared-that is, the strong feeling that we know something that we cannot recall at the moment, usually referred to as a tip-of-the-tongue state. We define tip-of-thetongue states (henceforth, TOTs) as the conscious feeling that accompanies or reflects upon the cognitive process of retrieval when an item that a person is trying to retrieve is temporarily inaccessible. The TOT entails two components: a basic level-the cognitive level-which is the act of trying to retrieve from memory, and a higher level-the metacognitive level-which is the commentary or reflection upon the cognitive level (Bacon, Schwartz, Paire-Ficout, & Izaute, 2007). At the higher metacognitive level are conscious feelings: We are aware of this high-level reflection when we experience a TOT. At the lower cognitive level is the attempt to retrieve a missing item from memory. That is, TOTs have content: We feel we are about to be able to recall the item, although we cannot do so right now. Indeed, a TOT may be thought of as a premonition of possible retrieval success, rather than an experience of retrieval failure. Our focus will be on the TOT as a metacognitive experience.This two-part definition connects TOTs to fundamental issues in the study of human psychology-namely how experience, cognition, and behavior are related-dating back to the earliest concerns in psychology (Tulving, 1989; see Costall, 2006;Woodworth, 1931). Introspectionists were interested in the nature of consciousness, but foundered, not only on the replicability of their results, but also on the relation of these results to observable behavior (cf. Costall, 2006). TOTs are conscious experiences but, unlike those studied by the early introspectionis...

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“…For example, while humans under the influence of caffeine in one study showed increased brain activity in the frontal lobe and the anterior cingulate cortex, the regions of memory and attention control, another study found that mice that were given low doses of caffeine had reduced hippocampus-dependent learning and impaired memory (Koppelstaetter, 2008;Han et al, 2007). Additionally, another study found that mental performance was increased by low doses of caffeine at the risk of impaired short-term memory and broad-range thinking abilities (Lesk and Womble, 2004). Thus, much ambiguity remains over the benefits of caffeine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Caffeine on Short-Term Spatial Learning in Periplaneta Americana

Broder

Cattoi

Clinkscales

et al. 2010

VURJ

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The American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been used extensively in recent years to study aspects of the complex vertebrate nervous system as a simple and accessible invertebrate model. This experiment examined the effects of caffeine on short-term spatial learning in cockroaches using a modified Barnes maze. Prior to every trial, the treatment group was injected with a caffeine solution and the control group was injected with a saline solution. The amount of time required for the cockroach to complete the maze during the initial learning trial was recorded. One hour later, the amount of time required for the subjects to complete a second memory trial was also recorded. A one-tailed t-test between the individual trial times for the control group established that learning had occurred. A two-tailed t-test between the individual trial times for the treatment group showed no significant difference. A t-test of means compared the difference in maze completion times between the groups and proved there was a significant difference. Therefore, caffeine did not positively affect short-term spatial learning in cockroaches.

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Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System.

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer?

Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer?

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: retrieval, behavior, and experience

The Effect of Caffeine on Short-Term Spatial Learning in Periplaneta Americana

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