Caffeine ingestion does not impede the resynthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen after prolonged exercise and carbohydrate supplementation in humans

Battram, Danielle S.; Shearer, Jane; Robinson, Deborah; Graham, Terry E.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00745.2003

Cited by 45 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Therefore, it appears that the early and rapid increase in PG reflects new glycogen granule formation, whereas the latter increase in MG may represent a slower replenishment of the outer tiers of existing molecules or the transition of PG to MG. These results are consistent with previous reports showing that PG is the predominant form of glycogen synthesized early in recovery (2,6,15). Using biochemical measurements of PG and MG in human skeletal muscle, we have shown that PG accumulation is the initial event during glycogen resynthesis (0 -4 h) followed by increases in MG (4 -24 h) (2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Increases in glycogenin and glycogenin mRNA accompany glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle

Shearer

Wilson²,

Battram³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Glycogenin is the self-glycosylating protein primer that initiates glycogen granule formation. To examine the role of this protein during glycogen resynthesis, eight male subjects exercised to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at 75% V O2 max followed by five 30-s sprints at maximal capacity to further deplete glycogen stores. During recovery, carbohydrate (75 g/h) was supplied to promote rapid glycogen repletion, and muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at 0, 30, 120, and 300 min postexercise. At time 0, no free (deglycosylated) glycogenin was detected in muscle, indicating that all glycogenin was complexed to carbohydrate. Glycogenin activity, a measure of the glycosylating ability of the protein, increased at 30 min and remained elevated for the remainder of the study. Quantitative RT-PCR showed elevated glycogenin mRNA at 120 min followed by increases in protein levels at 300 min. Glycogenin specific activity (glycogenin activity/relative protein content) was also elevated at 120 min. Proglycogen increased at all time points, with the highest rate of resynthesis occurring between 0 and 30 min. In comparison, macroglycogen levels did not significantly increase until 300 min postexercise. Together, these results show that, during recovery from prolonged exhaustive exercise, glycogenin mRNA and protein content and activity increase in muscle. This may facilitate rapid glycogen resynthesis by providing the glycogenin backbone of proglycogen, the major component of glycogen synthesized in early recovery.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…more readily degraded during exercise and is the form that is predominantly synthesized during the early phases of recovery (2,6,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in glycogenin and glycogenin mRNA accompany glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle

Shearer

Wilson²,

Battram³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…Clearly, exercise/contraction exerts a positive and prolonged effect on muscle glucose uptake, and this is likely to be an important consideration when assessing the effects of caffeine on glucoregulatory mechanisms, particularly in well-trained athletes after exercise-induced glycogen depletion. Furthermore, the results of Battram et al (1) strongly suggest that the factors driving muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise (i.e., insulin-independent mechanisms, low levels of glycogen at exhaustion, high insulin and glucose concentrations, training status of subjects) may override some of the potentially negative effects of caffeine observed on glucose metabolism at rest in untrained individuals (11,12). Given the variable results of studies that have examined the effects of caffeine intake on muscle glycogen synthesis (9, 10, 28), we measured rates of muscle glycogen accumulation in highly trained individuals throughout 4 h of recovery from an exhaustive exercise depletion protocol during which subjects ingested caffeine in association with a CHO ingestion regimen that conforms to current sports nutrition guidelines (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Yeo et al (35) demonstrated that compared with glucose alone, caffeine [5 mg/kg body mass (BM)] coingested with CHO increased muscle glucose oxidation during 2 h of submaximal cycling. Battram et al (1) recently reported that caffeine (6 mg/kg BM) ingested by moderately trained subjects during 90 min of glycogen-depleting exercise does not affect the rate of glycogen accumulation when large amounts of CHO (ϳ400 g) are consumed during 5 h of recovery. Clearly, exercise/contraction exerts a positive and prolonged effect on muscle glucose uptake, and this is likely to be an important consideration when assessing the effects of caffeine on glucoregulatory mechanisms, particularly in well-trained athletes after exercise-induced glycogen depletion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Somewhat surprisingly, most studies that have employed a CHO ingestion protocol and determined glycogen content from biopsy samples have not measured glycogen resynthesis until after 2 h of recovery. An exception was the recent investigation of Battram et al (1) in which biopsies were taken after just 30 min of recovery during which caffeine and CHO were ingested. In that study, resynthesis rates following caffeine plus CHO ingestion were 72 mmol⅐kg dw Ϫ1 ⅐h Ϫ1 for 30 min of recovery and then declined during the subsequent 90 min and remained constant during the remainder of the 5-h recovery period such that overall the net rate of resynthesis was ϳ50 mmol⅐kg dw Ϫ1 ⅐h Ϫ1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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High Rates Of Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis After Exhaustive Exercise When Carbohydrate Is Co-ingested With Caffeine

Hawley

Pedersen

Lessard

et al. 2008

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Pedersen DJ, Lessard SJ, Coffey VG, Churchley EG, Wootton AM, Ng T, Watt MJ, Hawley JA. High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. J Appl Physiol 105: 7-13, 2008. First published May 8, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2007.-We determined the effect of coingestion of caffeine (Caff) with carbohydrate (CHO) on rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis during recovery from exhaustive exercise in seven trained subjects who completed two experimental trials in a randomized, double-blind crossover design. The evening before an experiment subjects performed intermittent exhaustive cycling and then consumed a low-CHO meal. The next morning subjects rode until volitional fatigue. On completion of this ride subjects consumed either CHO [4 g/kg body mass (BM)] or the same amount of CHO ϩ Caff (8 mg/kg BM) during 4 h of passive recovery. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were taken at regular intervals throughout recovery. Muscle glycogen levels were similar at exhaustion [ϳ75 mmol/kg dry wt (dw)] and increased by a similar amount (ϳ80%) after 1 h of recovery (133 Ϯ 37.8 vs. 149 Ϯ 48 mmol/kg dw for CHO and Caff, respectively). After 4 h of recovery Caff resulted in higher glycogen accumulation (313 Ϯ 69 vs. 234 Ϯ 50 mmol/kg dw, P Ͻ 0.001). Accordingly, the overall rate of resynthesis for the 4-h recovery period was 66% higher in Caff compared with CHO (57.7 Ϯ 18.5 vs. 38.0 Ϯ 7.7 mmol ⅐ kg dw Ϫ1 ⅐ h Ϫ1 , P Ͻ 0.05). After 1 h of recovery plasma Caff levels had increased to 31 Ϯ 11 M (P Ͻ 0.001) and at the end of the recovery reached 77 Ϯ 11 M (P Ͻ 0.001) with Caff. Phosphorylation of CaMKThr286 was similar after exercise and after 1 h of recovery, but after 4 h CaMK Thr286 phosphorylation was higher in Caff than CHO (P Ͻ 0.05). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) Thr172 and Akt Ser473 was similar for both treatments at all time points. We provide the first evidence that in trained subjects coingestion of large amounts of Caff (8 mg/kg BM) with CHO has an additive effect on rates of postexercise muscle glycogen accumulation compared with consumption of CHO alone.Akt; AMP-activated protein kinase; Ca 2ϩ /calmodulin-dependent kinase IT IS WELL ACCEPTED that the rate of muscle glycogen accumulation following glycogen-depleting exercise is enhanced by the provision of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) (for review see Refs. 18,21). In this regard, the dose, timing, and frequency of CHO administration have major roles in determining the rate and amount of glycogen resynthesized throughout the postexercise recovery period (17, 18). CHO ingestion alone, however, is not the only factor that alters glucose availability and hence glycogen resynthesis during recovery from exercise. The ingestion of caffeine, for example, has a negative effect on glucose metabolism (12, 13, 33). Caffeine ingestion before either an oral glucose tolerance test or a hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic clamp results in significant impairments in insulinmediated glucose disposal and CH...

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Caffeine and Exercise Performance

Spriet

2013

The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine

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1. Recent, well-controlled studies have established that moderate doses of caffeine ingested 1 h prior to exercise enhance the performance of certain types of endurance exercise in the laboratory. Moderate caffeine doses produce urinary caffeine levels well below the allowable limit, as determined by the International Olympic Committee. The results are specific to well-trained elite or recreational athletes. It is not known if these findings will improve performance in competitions because controlled field studies of the effects of caffeine are lacking. 2. The mechanisms responsible for improved exercise endurance in prolonged exercise remain elusive. A metabolic mechanism appears to contribute early in exercise, when caffeine ingestion increases plasma free-fatty acid concentrations and muscle triglyceride use and spares muscle glycogen. However, it is not clear if increased fat oxidation causes the glycogen sparing in muscle. Increases in plasma epinephrine concentrations usually occur following caffeine ingestion but are not essential for the accompanying metabolic changes. When studying caffeine effects in the human it is difficult to identify the primary source of the "stimulus" because caffeine usually increases epinephrine secretion and is also rapidly metabolized in the liver to three dimethylxanthines (paraxanthine, theophylline and theobromine). The dimethylxanthines can remain in the circulation longer than caffeine and may be metabolic signals in their own right. 3. Caffeine appears to enhance performance during short-term, intense cycling lasting ~5 min in the laboratory and in simulated 1500 m race time. However, positive ergogenic effects of caffeine are much less frequent during sprint exercise lasting less than 90 s and in incremental exercise tests lasting 8-20 min. 4. Potential mechanisms for improving performance during intense exercise lasting 5-20 min include direct effects of caffeine on the central nervous system and/or excitation-contraction coupling and increased anaerobic energy provision in skeletal muscle.

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Caffeine ingestion does not impede the resynthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen after prolonged exercise and carbohydrate supplementation in humans

Cited by 45 publications

References 35 publications

Increases in glycogenin and glycogenin mRNA accompany glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle

Increases in glycogenin and glycogenin mRNA accompany glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle

High Rates Of Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis After Exhaustive Exercise When Carbohydrate Is Co-ingested With Caffeine

Caffeine and Exercise Performance

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