Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ): Construction, psychometric properties, and associations with caffeine use, caffeine dependence, and other related variables.

Abstract

Expectancies for drug effects predict drug initiation, use, cessation, and relapse, and may play a causal role in drug effects (i.e., placebo effects). Surprisingly little is known about expectancies for caffeine even though it is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. In a series of independent studies, the nature and scope of caffeine expectancies among caffeine consumers and nonconsumers were assessed, and a comprehensive and psychometrically sound Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ) was developed. After 2 preliminary studies, the CaffEQ was administered to 1,046 individuals from the general population along with other measures of interest (e.g., caffeine use history, anxiety). Exploratory factor analysis of the CaffEQ yielded a 7-factor solution. Subsequently, an independent sample of 665 individuals completed the CaffEQ and other measures, and a subset (n = 440) completed the CaffEQ again approximately 2 weeks later. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good model fit, and test-retest reliability was very good. The frequency and quantity of caffeine use were associated with greater expectancies for withdrawal/dependence, energy/work enhancement, appetite suppression, social/mood enhancement, and physical performance enhancement and lower expectancies for anxiety/negative physical effects and sleep disturbance. Caffeine expectancies predicted various caffeine- associated features of substance dependence (e.g., use despite harm, withdrawal incidence and severity, perceived difficulty stopping use, tolerance). Expectancies for caffeine consumed via coffee were stronger than for caffeine consumed via soft drinks or tea. The CaffEQ should facilitate the advancement of our knowledge of caffeine and drug use in general.

Caffeine and Sleep in Adolescents: A Systematic Review

“…63 Taken together, these issues inevitably introduce error variance when relating caffeine dose to outcome variables, potentially leading to inaccurate conclusions. To reduce this likelihood, caffeine diaries (i.e., normed to geographical location) could be merged with sleep-wake diaries, which could then calculate total caffeine intake, and could be used with concurrent caffeine expectancy measures (e.g., Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire 64 ). Ideally, these questionnaires would be administered in private settings (e.g., independently online) to reduce possible response biases and, if completed each day, would reduce recall biases as well.…”

Caffeine metabolism rate influences coffee perception, preferences and intake

“…Ten statements about perceived effects of caffeinated coffee consumption (Huntley & Juliano, 2012) were rated on 7-point scales with endpoints strongly disagree (1) and strongly agree (7) …”

Caffeinated Alcohol Use and Expectancies for Caffeine Versus Alcohol

“…Generally, research indicates that expectation of positive effects from using caffeine predicts how often and how much someone consumes it (Heinz, Kassel, & Smith, 2009; Huntley & Juliano, 2012). For instance, the stronger the belief that using caffeine will result in withdrawal/dependence effects, energy/work enhancement, appetite suppression, social/mood enhancement, and physical performance enhancement, the greater is their caffeine consumption (Huntley & Juliano, 2012).…”

“…Generally, research indicates that expectation of positive effects from using caffeine predicts how often and how much someone consumes it (Heinz, Kassel, & Smith, 2009; Huntley & Juliano, 2012). For instance, the stronger the belief that using caffeine will result in withdrawal/dependence effects, energy/work enhancement, appetite suppression, social/mood enhancement, and physical performance enhancement, the greater is their caffeine consumption (Huntley & Juliano, 2012). Further, having lower expectations of negative caffeine effects, such as anxiety/negative physical effects and sleep disturbance, have been shown to predict greater caffeine use and decreased desire to lower use or to cut down (Huntley & Juliano, 2012).…”

“…For instance, the stronger the belief that using caffeine will result in withdrawal/dependence effects, energy/work enhancement, appetite suppression, social/mood enhancement, and physical performance enhancement, the greater is their caffeine consumption (Huntley & Juliano, 2012). Further, having lower expectations of negative caffeine effects, such as anxiety/negative physical effects and sleep disturbance, have been shown to predict greater caffeine use and decreased desire to lower use or to cut down (Huntley & Juliano, 2012). Finally, it has been found that stronger endorsement of the expected effects of caffeine, be it positive or negative, was positively related to greater reports of caffeine withdrawal symptoms, dependence symptoms, cessation difficulty, and perceived addiction (Heinz et al, 2009).…”