Caffeine

Caffeine intoxication treated with hemodialysis

“…This effect results in reducing drowsiness and increasing nerve excitability in the brain, increasing catecholamine release and vasodilation with relaxation of the vascular smooth muscles. Caffeine has 100% bioavailability and reaches its effect within 45 min to 2 h after ingestion 2 . It is water soluble and readily crosses the blood brain barrier 2 .…”

“…Caffeine has 100% bioavailability and reaches its effect within 45 min to 2 h after ingestion 2 . It is water soluble and readily crosses the blood brain barrier 2 . Mean volume of distribution in adults is about 0.6 L/kg, while in vitro studies suggest protein binding of 10%–36% 3 .…”

“…2 It is water soluble and readily crosses the blood brain barrier. 2 Mean volume of distribution in adults is about 0.6 L/kg, while in vitro studies suggest protein binding of 10%-36%. 3 Caffeine is primarily metabolized in the liver by the CYP1A2 enzyme and less than 3% is excreted unchanged in the urine.…”