Caffeinated Drinks Intake, Late Chronotype, and Increased Body Mass Index among Medical Students in Chongqing, China: A Multiple Mediation Model

Abstract

Background: This paper investigates the problems regarding caffeinated drinks intake, late chronotype, and increased body mass index (BMI) among medical students at a Chinese university. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 with 616 medical students from Chongqing Medical University in Chongqing, China, whose information were collected by a self-reported questionnaire that included four sections: Demographic characteristics; Caffeinated drinks intake and physical state; Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to test the impact of late chronotype on increased BMI through caffeinated drinks consumption through two models. Results: The significantly mediated effect of caffeinated drinks consumption was revealed (estimate: −0.01, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [−0.02, −0.01]), and which played a positive role in linking late chronotype (B = −0.01, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001) and increased BMI (B = 1.37, SE = 0.21, p < 0.01), but their significant association did not be found in reversed model. In addition, physical activity and inactivity times demonstrated significant indirect effects in the two models. Conclusions: Interventions should focus on reducing caffeinated drinks intake and sedentary behavior time, enhancing physical activity among medical students.

Chronotype and depressive symptoms: A moderated mediation model of sleep quality and resilience in the 1st‐year college students

“…The rate of evening types in this study (6.9%) is lower than in one study investigating medical college students in Chongqing, China (14.3%; Zhang et al, 2018) and another study mentioned above involving Italian and Spanish college students (24.45%; Adan & Natale, 2002). Nonetheless, the prevalence of moderate/extremely severe depressive symptoms and clinical sleep disturbances were both high (7.7% and 18.1%, respectively), especially for evening types (13.1% and 29.1%).…”

Morningness-eveningness and caffeine consumption: A largescale path-analysis study

“…of several studies suggest that compared to morning-type individuals, evening-type individuals consume more alcohol and smoke more cigarettes (Ishihara et al 1985;Randler 2008;Tran et al 2014;Whittier et al 2014) and have a higher caffeine intake (Adan 1994;Ishihara et al 1985;Mitchell and Redman 1993;Tran et al 2014;Zhang et al 2018). Penolazzi et al (2012) found that the timing of caffeine consumption is also important, and reported that morning-type individuals consume more caffeine in the morning and evening-type individuals consume more caffeine in the evening.…”

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: A Nationally Cross-Sectional Study

“…Total cholesterol was classi ed into ≥ 200 mg/dl and < 200 mg/dl. As Zhang's study [28], BMI was split into < 18.5 Kg/m 2 , < 24 Kg/m 2 , < 28 Kg/m 2 and ≥ 28Kg/m 2 . After referring to Arihan's research [29], BUN was divided as 0-20 mg/dl and > 20 mg/dl.…”