“…Some previous studies have noted that the survival rate and mobility are reduced in cadmium-exposed G. veneriformis specimens. Cadmium exposure in G. veneriformis also induces changes in foot structure, including epidermal layer deformation, muscle fiber fragmentation, and muscular layer collapse [23]. Moreover, G. veneriformis exhibits altered biological responses, including altered sex ratios, gonadal maturity, intersex individuals, and increased lipofuscin accumulation in the mid-gut gland after nonylphenol exposure [24].…”