Cadmium Toxicity on the Survival Rate and Activity of the Equilateral Venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae)

Ecotoxicological evaluation of tributyltin toxicity to the equilateral venus clam, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae)

“…1). Briefly, the gonadal development of G. veneriformis was divided into the following five stages: inactive (IA), early active (EA), late active (LA), ripe (R), and spent and degenerative (SD) [23]. The GI was then determined as follows:…”

“…Some previous studies have noted that the survival rate and mobility are reduced in cadmium-exposed G. veneriformis specimens. Cadmium exposure in G. veneriformis also induces changes in foot structure, including epidermal layer deformation, muscle fiber fragmentation, and muscular layer collapse [23]. Moreover, G. veneriformis exhibits altered biological responses, including altered sex ratios, gonadal maturity, intersex individuals, and increased lipofuscin accumulation in the mid-gut gland after nonylphenol exposure [24].…”