Cadmium tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Bidens pilosa L. as a potential Cd-hyperaccumulator

Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils and Phytoremediation Strategies in Taiwan

“…Besides the accumulated concentration, bioconcentration factor (BCF = shoot HM concentration/soil HM concentration) and translocation factor (TF = shoot HM concentration/root HM concentration) were two indexes most used to evaluate the accumulating capacity of HMs by plants. For a Cd hyperaccumulator (Baker et al, 2000;Mattina et al, 2003), the BCF and TF should more than one besides the high concentration accumulated (100 mg kg -1 ) (Sun et al, 2009). Experimental result of this study showed that the BCF values of French marigold, Impatiens, Garden verbena, and Scarlet sage were all more than one and ranged from 1.75 to 5.68 (Table 1).…”

“…However, Impatiens was the only one that its TF was in the levels of 1.01-1.66. According to the standards summarized by Sun et al (2009) for a Cd hyperaccumulator, Impatiens was a potential Cd hyperaccumulator when growing in the artificially Cd-contaminated soils. The pot experimental result was against with the in-situ selection experiment, possible resulted from the special variation and interaction of HMs in the field.…”

Effect of Cadmium on DNA Changes in Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.

“…Cd-hyperaccumulator plants can contain > 100 mg Cd/kg tissue, whereas the normal level of Cd in most plants is only 0.1 mg/kg. In addition to the total Cd content, the BCF and TF indices must also be considered when evaluating hyperaccumulators, and hyperaccumulating plants should have a BCF and TF > 1 [15][16][17]. In this study, the concentration of Cd in both stems and leaves ranged from 491 to 5,909 mg/kg, and the BCF and TF indices were higher than 1 ( Table 1).…”

“…The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated as the ratio of the Cd concentration in the plant root to that in the soil, whereas the translocation factor (TF) was calculated as the ratio of the Cd concentration in the plant shoot to that in the root [14]. Cd-hyperaccumulating plants were defined based on the following standards: 1) accumulation capability corresponding to a threshold shoot metal concentration greater than 100 mg/kg shoot dry weight, 2) a BCF index greater than 1.0, sometimes reaching 50-100, 3) a TF index used to measure a plant's ability to translocate metal from the roots to the shoots [15][16][17], greater than 1.0. A GTS test was performed using the following equation: GTS (%) = (1-a/n) × 100, where 'a' is the number of polymorphic bands detected in each treated sample and 'n' is the number of total bands in the control [9].…”

Effectiveness of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in facilitating lead and nutrient uptake by little seed canary grass

“…Tang et al (2009) reported that the TF of Arabis paniculata was < 1 in the range of Pb concentration between 9 and 296 μmol. Sun et al (2008Sun et al ( , 2009 showed that the TF of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) was > 1, while Rezvani & Zaefarian (2011) reported that the TF of Aeluropus littoralis changed with differing soil Pb concentrations.…”