Cadmium Oxide-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Synthesized Using Waste Eggshell Membrane and Its In-Vitro Assessments of the Antimicrobial Activities and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Abstract

The following study was performed chiefly to analyze the antimicrobial activity of CdO/ZnO-ESM nanocomposites. A unique method was used for the synthesis of CdO/ZnO-ESM nanocomposites using an eggshell membrane as a bio-template which acts as both reducing and stabilizing agents; whereas cadmium nitrate and zinc nitrate were employed as metal precursors. The prepared samples were characterized by the following techniques such as TGA, PXRD, DRS-UV-Visible reflectance, FT-IR, HR-SEM, EDAX, Zeta potential, and Photoluminescence analysis. The prepared samples were subsequently tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio sp.) using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the broth microdilution method. The maximum inhibition zone of 24 mm, was observed in Salmonella enterica at a concentration (30 μg/mL) of CdO/ZnO-ESM nanocomposites, while the highest MIC value was observed in Bacillus sp. at a concentration (1.95 μg/mL) of these nanocomposites. The result of this study showed that CdO/ZnO-ESM nanocomposites have an exceptional antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Novel selenium and/or copper substituted hydroxyapatite–gelatin–chitosan–eggshell membrane nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications

“…This is an indication of the existence of a hydrogen bond between E fibres and the formed apatite. 31,32 The bands detected at 2922 and 2966 cm −1 are attributed to C-H stretching in E spectra. 33,34 This band diminished or disappeared, in the nanocomposites spectra, suggesting the formation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the E fibres.…”

State-of-the-Art of Eggshell Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry

“…In many studies the ESM is used as a template or framework, forming a composite with bioactive molecules or nanoparticles embedded into its structure (Jun et al, 2014;Li et al, 2016Li et al, , 2019bPuertas-Bartolome et al, 2018;Augustine et al, 2019;Raz et al, 2019;Farjah et al, 2020;Krishnan et al, 2020;Selvam et al, 2020). Consisting of unique interwoven shell membrane fibers, the ESM provides a unique supporting platform for functional nanoparticles in catalysis and sensing (Vuong et al, 2017).…”

“…Composites of ESM with nanoparticles of biologically active compounds, such as metal oxides or metals, were successfully applied for wound healing. CdO/ZnO-ESM nanocomposites were shown to have an exceptional antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Selvam et al, 2020). A copper-containing bioactive glass (Cu-BG) nanocoating (40-50 nm) with a uniform nanostructure was formed on a natural eggshell membrane (Cu-BG/ESM) by pulsed laser deposition (PLD).…”