“…One major component of these discrepancies is the protective effect of waterborne Ca 2+ against Cd 2+ toxicity (Norey et al, 1990a), and as a whole of all calcium-dependent processes, for example, stimulus-response coupling (Brown and Andrake, 1992). One of the main causes of mortality seems to be hypocalcemia after cadmium intoxication by inhibition of calcium uptake by gills as well as intestinal cells (Hogstrand and Haux, 1991).…”