Cadmium-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant responses in Brassica juncea plants

Abstract

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. Vitasso) plants exposed to 10, 30, 50 and 100 μM of Cd for 5 d in hydroponic culture were analysed with reference to the distribution of Cd 2+ , the accumulation of biomass and antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in leaves. Cd induced a decrease in plant biomass. The maximum accumulation of Cd occurred in roots followed by stems and leaves. Cd induced a decrease in catalase (CAT) and guiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities but an increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities. Enhancement in dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity was also at 10 μM Cd. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity showed pronounced stimulation after all treatments, but glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activities decreased. The effectiveness of ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC) was determined by the ratio of ascorbate to H 2 O 2 . This ratio decreased in the Cd-treated leaves which indicated that the cycle was disordered.Additional key words: ascorbate-glutathione cycle, catalase, Indian mustard, guiacol peroxidase. ⎯⎯⎯⎯Contaminated soils with heavy metals pose a major environmental and human health problem, which may be solved by emerging phytoremediation methods. Plant properties important for metal phytoremediation are metal tolerance and accumulation. They are determined by metal uptake, root-shoot translocation, intracellular sequestration and chemical modification. Natural hyperaccumulators, such as Brassica juncea can accumulate exceptionally high concentrations of heavy metals in the roots (Reeves and Baker 2000, Simonova et al. 2007). They may be involved in phytoremediation directly as phytoremediation crops, or indirectly as sources of genes for improvement of other phytoremediation crops (Pollard et al. 2002). Brassica juncea L. cv. Vitasso possesses short vegetation period from 40 to 60 d, unpretentiousness to the soil type and forms high quantity of biomass. The plants accumulated heavy metals may be burned or processed.Cd like other heavy metals produces oxidative stress possibly by generating free radicals and active oxygen species (Hendry et al. 1992). Understanding the biochemical detoxification strategies that plants (predominantly hyperaccumulators) adopt against oxidative stress induced by accumulated metal ions is a key to manipulate its heavy metal tolerance.The aim of this study was to establish the possible antioxidative mechanism that could be operational in the leaves of Brassica juncea L. cv. Vitasso plants exposed for 5 d to environmentally relevant (10 μM) as well as to marginally acute (30, 50, 100 μM) of Cd in hydroponic culture.The experiments were conducted on 25 d-old plants grown in a Knop solution in a chamber with 16-h photoperiod (PAR 200 μmol m -2 s -1 , temperature 25 ± 1 °C, relative air humidity 50 -60 %). The nutrition solution was changed every two days and aerated every day. On the 20 th day Cd (as CdCl 2 . 2.5 H 2 O) was added into nutrient solution: 1) control -0 μM Cd; 2) 10...

Interaction of silicon and cadmium in Brassica juncea and Brassica napus

“…Higher Cd accumulation in roots than in shoots of B. juncea cv. Vitasso was ascertained also by Markovska et al (2009). Translocation of Cd to shoot was similar in both species (see shoot/root content quotient in Table 2) which corresponds with the results of Marchiol et al (2004).…”

“…Brassica juncea L. cv. Vitasso has short vegetation period from 40 to 60 days, can be grown in a wide range of soil types (Markovska et al 2009), and is potentially usable in phytoremediation (Pollard et al 2002).…”

Nitric oxide induced alleviation of toxic effects of short term and long term Cd stress on growth, oxidative metabolism and Cd accumulation in Chickpea

“…Both DHAR and MDHAR activities were induced with Cd treatments (Figure 3 E-F, G-H). The increase in MDHAR activity under Cd treatments have been reported by Markovska et al (2009) in B. juncea and by Romero-Puertas et al (2007) in Pisum sativum plants. Decrease in DHAR activity under Cd treatment (10 μM) in Ceratophyllum demersum has been reported by Arvind and Prasad (2005).…”

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Root Tip Cells and Some Physiological Indexes in Allium Cepa Var. Agrogarum L.

“…Cd is not an essential nutrient for plants, and it can accumulate at higher levels in aerial organs (Wang et al, 2007;Zou et al, 2008), inducing phytotoxicity manifested in leaf roll, chlorosis, growth reduction, and eventually death (Benavides et al, 2005;. It has been demonstrated that Cd affects a wide range of physiological and metabolic activities in plants: for example, Chl a and b content (Mobin and Khan, 2007), the activities of photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle enzymes (Burzyński and Zurek, 2007), mineral distribution (Wang et al, 2007;Zou et al, 2008), photosynthetic processes Chen et al, 2010) and oxidative stress Markovska et al, 2009). The intensity of the effects depends on the species, metal concentration and duration of exposure (Benavides et al, 2005).…”