Cadmium in soil and cacao beans of Peruvian and South American origin

Rofner, Nelino Florida

doi:10.15446/rfnam.v74n2.91107

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…1C , blue bar: farm 4), we observed a similar variability in cacao seed Cd content, ranging from 0.4 to 28 mg kg −1 . These values were significantly higher than those reported for Colombia ( 28 ), Perú ( 11 , 27 ), and Ecuador ( 18 ); however, they were similar to the range reported by Argüello et al ( 17 ) in Ecuador. In three out of five farms, the Cd content in fresh seed exceeded the threshold limit (0.6 mg kg −1 ) ( 34 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Cd seed content in cacao crops is a multifactorial issue ( 19 ). In previous studies, this condition has been attributed to (i) soil physicochemical characteristics ( 15 , 17 , 18 , 26 – 28 ), (ii) cacao cultivar type ( 2 , 10 ), and (iii) soil total and available Cd concentration ( 10 , 14 , 17 – 19 ). However, studies on soil bacterial communities as a modulator of Cd accumulation and mobilization are only on its infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Several studies have suggested a positive relationship between these conditions ( 14 , 16 – 18 ). Recent studies have concluded that Cd Avail in soils is a better predictor of Cd seed in cacao crops ( 13 , 19 , 27 ) than total Cd soil . Our results suggest a similar effect, considering the AIC values obtained from LME modeling ( Table 1 , models 3 vs 6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between bacterial community and cadmium distribution across Colombian cacao crops

Jaramillo-Mazo,

Bravo,

Guerra Sierra

et al. 2024

Microbiol Spectr

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Assessing the bacterial community composition across cacao crops is important to understand its potential role as a modulator of cadmium (Cd) translocation to plant tissues under field conditions; Cd mobility between soil and plants is a complex and multifactorial problem that cannot be captured only by experimentation. Although microbes have been shown to metabolize and drive the speciation of Cd under controlled conditions, regardless of the link between soil bacterial community (SBC) dynamics and Cd mobilization in the rhizosphere, only a few studies have addressed the relationship between soil bacterial community composition (SBCC) and Cd content in cacao seeds (Cd seed ). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association between SBCC and different factors influencing the distribution of Cd across cacao crop systems. This study comprised 225 samples collected across five farms, where we used an amplicon sequencing approach to characterize the bacterial community composition. The soil Cd concentration alone (Cd soil ) was a poor predictor of Cd seed . Still, we found that this relationship was more apparent when the variation within farms was controlled, suggesting a role of heterogeneity within farms in modulating Cd translocation and, thus, seed Cd content. Our results provide evidence of the link between soil bacterial communities and the distribution of Cd across Colombian cacao crops, and highlight the importance of incorporating fine-spatial-scale studies to advance the understanding of factors driving Cd uptake and accumulation in cacao plants. IMPORTANCE Cadmium (Cd) content in cacao crops is an issue that generates interest due to the commercialization of chocolate for human consumption. Several studies provided evidence about the non-biological factors involved in its translocation into the cacao plant. However, factors related to this process, including soil bacterial community composition (SBCC), still need to be addressed. It is well known that soil microbiome could impact compounds’ chemical transformation, including Cd, on the field. Here, we found the first evidence of the link between soil bacterial community composition and Cd concentration in cacao soils and seeds. It highlights the importance of including the variation of bacterial communities to assess the factors driving the Cd translocation into cacao seeds. Moreover, the results highlight the relevance of the spatial heterogeneity within and across cacao farms, influencing the variability of Cd concentrations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between bacterial community and cadmium distribution across Colombian cacao crops

Jaramillo-Mazo,

Bravo,

Guerra Sierra

et al. 2024

Microbiol Spectr

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“…La Organización Internacional del Cacao -MIDAGRI (2021) ha estimado una producción récord mundial de 5 024.000 toneladas, 6.3 % más durante la campaña 2020/2021, gracias a las mejores condiciones climáticas en las principales regiones productoras. En Perú el cacao es el sexto cultivo más importante en términos de área, involucra 16 regiones, 57 provincias y 259 distritos (INEI, 2018), alcanzando en 2020 una superficie de 219.8 mil ha, rendimiento medio de 840 kg ha -1 y tasa de crecimiento anual del 14 % (Florida, 2021). Además, la región Huánuco aporto 13 000 toneladas en la campaña 2020/2021, colocándose como el cuarto mayor productor nacional de cacao (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego-MIDAGRI, 2021), este es un aspecto positivo para la producción peruana que aporta el 2 % de la producción mundial y ocupa el noveno lugar en el ranking mundial (MIDAGRI, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efecto del financiamiento en la producción semi ecológica y comercialización del cacao (Theobroma cacao) en Leoncio Prado-Perú

Ferrer Tarazona,

Florida Rofner,

Vargas Paita

et al. 2023

RIIARn

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El cultivo de cacao en el trópico peruano presenta bajos rendimientos, lo que exige buscar factores que expliquen este comportamiento, así, plantear alternativas para mejorar el sector. Por ello, el trabajo evaluó el efecto del financiamiento en la producción y comercialización de Theobroma cacao L. (cacao), clon CCN-51. Investigación descriptiva correlacional, que seleccionó 113 agricultores que cuentan con la plantación de cacao en producción para el periodo en estudio. A través de la técnica de encuestas se evaluaron indicadores de producción del cacao, indicadores de comercialización e indicadores de financiamiento para el proceso productivo, en la provincia de Leoncio Prado durante la campaña 2020-2021. Los resultados muestran que el financiamiento influye en la producción y comercialización de cacao al existir un alto grado de correlación (0.85) entre el financiamiento propio y la producción de granos, además, la variabilidad de la cosecha se explica en 72.8 % por el financiamiento propio y solo el 37 % de los agricultores tienen acceso crediticio con tasas muy altas (29.37 a 34.51 %) y sus productos son comercializados en 45 % con intermediarios locales, obteniendo en promedio una rentabilidad operativa del 16 %. En conclusión, el área de estudio está conformada por pequeños productores (72 % producen menos de 5 ha), con deficiente acceso a financiamiento por entidades privadas y estatales que afectan el rendimiento y rentabilidad del cultivo.

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Cadmium in soil and cacao beans of Peruvian and South American origin

Cited by 2 publications

References 45 publications

Association between bacterial community and cadmium distribution across Colombian cacao crops

Association between bacterial community and cadmium distribution across Colombian cacao crops

Efecto del financiamiento en la producción semi ecológica y comercialización del cacao (Theobroma cacao) en Leoncio Prado-Perú

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