Cadmium concentrations in some New Zealand wheat grain

Abstract

simple correlations between major soil properties and wheat grain Cd concentrations for either winter or spring wheat. For winter wheat, a multiple regression model with terms for total zinc (Zn) and CaCl 2 -extractable Cd yielded the highest correlation with winter wheat Cd concentrations (r 2 = 0.59 P < 0.05). Low Cd accumulating wheat cultivars can be selected for use at sites where the Cd concentration in grain exceeds the MPC. Future work is required to determine which soil properties are important in controlling wheat grain Cd concentrations.Keywords phytoavailability; soil; cultivars; zinc Abstract The variation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain cadmium (Cd) concentrations between different cultivars was investigated along with a preliminary ranking of soil properties in terms of their importance in controlling wheat grain Cd concentrations. Results indicate that there is considerable variation in Cd concentrations in New Zealand wheat grain samples. The mean Cd concentration for wheat in this study is 54 µg kg 1 fresh weight (FW). Ten percent of the grain samples examined in this study are non-compliant with the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Cd in wheat grain. However almost 50% of non-compliant samples were found at a single site, and at a number of sites no samples exceeded MPC. There was a 4-fold range in the abilities of different wheat cultivars to accumulate Cd in grain. There was also seasonal variation in Cd uptake for wheat cultivars grown at the same site. Extractable soil Cd using a weak salt reagent yielded the highest correlation with grain Cd concentrations in spring wheat across all soils, whereas no significant relationships were found for winter wheat. There were no significant H00050

Trace elements distribution and species fractionation in the wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant

“…The element composition of the wheat grain (or wheat flour in the case of As) is also summarised using previously published data (Isikl et al, 1998;Gonzáles et al, 2001;Gray et al, 2001;Souci et al, 2000;Zhao et al, 2004;Tremel et al, 1997). For most elements the concentrations found in the grain correspond well with the earlier reported values.…”

Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics

“…Wheat grain Cd concentration measured in this study did not exceed the proposed tolerance level for Cd in wheat grain of 235 mg kg (1 DM (EC 2001;FAO/WHO 2001). The mean value of wheat grain Cd concentration in this study with hard red spring wheat was close to those observed in New Zealand, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, ranging from 53 to 77 mg kg (1 DM (Mench 1998;Gray et al 2001;Wa˚ngstrand 2005 ; Table 3), and 24Á64% lower than those reported for durum wheat in the United States and western Canada Norvell et al 2000; Table 3). Cadmium accumulation in plants differs with species and among cultivars within species .…”

“…Many crop species, including wheat (Tritium aestivum L.), have been reported to accumulate Cd to an extent that may exceed the proposed maximum level for human consumption without adverse effects on crop growth (Chaudri et al 1995;Gawalko et al 2001;Gray et al 2001). A maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of Cd in wheat grain has been established by national and international health authorities in response to the potential health risks of Cd accumulation.…”

“…Studies on crop Cd accumulation have been conducted in several countries, including Australia, Sweden, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Mench 1998;Norvell et al 2000;Gray et al 2001;Adams et al 2004). These studies were mainly conducted on soils to which either metal-contaminated sewage sludge or metal salt solution was added (Chaudri et al 2001;Kirkham 2006;Chaudri et al 2007;Baize 2009;Baize et al 2009); there is limited information on the Cd status of wheat grain from relatively unpolluted agricultural soils.…”

Phytoavailability of cadmium to cherry-red radish in soils applied composted chicken or pig manure

“…At the same Cd loading rate, Cd concentrations in leaves of radish were significantly (P < 0.001) ( Table 5) higher than those in roots by factors of 2.62 to 3.95 in the Calcaric Cambisols and 1.61 to 4.10 in the Ferralsols. This different pattern in concentration and distribution of Cd in different plant tissues depends on the plant species (Choudhary et al, 1994;Yang et al, 1995;Gray et al, 2001) and may be related in part to Cd tolerance (Dowdy and Larson, 1975;Cumming and Tomsett, 1992;McKenna et al, 1993;He and Singh, 1994;Jiang et al, 2002;Ru et al, 2004). Accumulation of high levels of Cd in the non-edible parts may limit the accumulation of Cd in edible portions of the plant (Grant et al, 1998).…”