Cadmium and lead in the smoke of a filter cigarette

Kalcher, Kurt; Kern, Wolfgang; Pietsch, R.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(93)90177-8

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, we used the concentrations of Cd in cigarettes made in the USA and other countries outside Japan, x A and x F , from the study by Watanabe 5) . As shown in [9] and [10], x A and x F are nearly equal. Therefore, almost equal value of the mean amount of Cd in one cigarette sold in Japan to the value [16] is obtained using equation [1], if both are combined.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Results Table 1 shows the concentrations of Cd in tobacco leaf or cigarettes by country of harvest or production from references after 1980 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . The concentration in Table 1 is shown in dry or wet weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was shown that the filter could catch 1.6-12.9% of Cd in cigarette smoke 9,15) . The amounts of Cd in the main stream cigarette smoke in one cigarette were reported to be 0.15 μg/cigarette 12) , 0.5-1.12 μg/ cigarette 13) , 0.02-0.10 μg/cigarette 15) , 0.10-0.12 μg/cigarette 16) , 0.075 μg/cigarette 17) , 0.05-0.07 μg/cigarette 18) , and 0-6.67 μg/ cigarette 19) .…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those in the side stream were indicated to be 40.6-57.8% 9) , nearly 35% 12) , 0.8-9.4% 13) , and 26.1-49.9% 15) . The proportion of the amount of Cd in the main stream cigarette smoke to the amount of Cd in one cigarette by Szadkowski 12) and Elinder 2) was adopted in the present study as:…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrations of Cd in the side stream cigarette smoke are not low 9,12,15) , and studies on inhalation and absorption of Cd from ETS are needed. When smokers are completely prohibited from smoking in public places in the future, the mean amount of Cd absorbed by smoking including ETS for residents in Japan will decrease.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Sugita

Izuno

Tatemichi

et al. 2001

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Consumed substances, including food, drink, and tobacco, produced in the environment are exposure sources of Cd. The object of the present study was to estimate Cd exposure and absorption amount from smoking cigarettes, one exposure source of Cd, using recent findings from Japan. The market share of cigarettes produced in foreign countries has increased in Japan, the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries has increased in cigarettes produced in Japan, and the percentage of smokers in Japan has changed. Therefore, obtaining the absorption value of Cd from smoking cigarettes using recent findings from Japan is significant.We collected information on (1) the concentrations of Cd in tobacco leaves by country of harvest and in cigarettes by country of production, (2) the concentrations of Cd in cigarette smoke, (3) the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries used in cigarettes made and sold in Japan, (4) the absorption rate of Cd in the airways for cigarette smoke, (5) the smoking rate by gender, age, and year in Japan, (6) the number of cigarettes sold in Japan by year and country of production, (7) the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers per day according to gender and age in Japan, and (8) the population size in 1998 by gender and age in Japan. The mean amount of Cd absorbed via the airways by smoking for smokers in Japan was calculated to be 0.89-1.78 μg/day from the above information. The values are not small in comparison with the amount of Cd absorbed from the digestive organs.The concentration of Cd in tobacco leaves harvested in Japan and cigarettes produced in Japan is generally higher than that of leaves harvested and cigarettes produced in foreign countries. The increase in the market share of cigarettes produced in foreign countries and sold in Japan and the increase in the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries used in cigarettes made and sold in Japan have decreased the amount of Cd absorbed by smoking for smokers in Japan.

show abstract

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Sugita

Izuno

Tatemichi

et al. 2001

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Accumulated Lead Exposure and Risk of Age-Related Cataract in Men

Schaumberg

Mendes

Balaram

et al. 2004

JAMA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

LTHOUGH LEAD TOXICITY IN humans has been recognized for centuries, the 20th century has left a legacy of unprecedented lead levels spread throughout the environment. Lead continues to pose a significant public health problem in spite of substantial reductions in lead exposure in the United States in the recent past. Moreover, exposure has not been totally eliminated and most adults continue to have substantial body burdens of lead. 1 Much of the lead taken into the body is incorporated into bone where it constantly interchanges with other tissues. 2 Recent studies suggest that accumulated lead exposure is related to several chronic disorders of aging including hypertension and cognitive decline, 1 disorders that have been associated with oxidative stress. 3,4 Several lines of evidence suggest that accumulated lead exposure could also increase the risk of another oxidative-stress-related disorder of aging, age-related cataractthe leading cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. 5 In the present study, the first we are aware of to investigate this hypothesis, we tested whether bone lead levels measured in both the tibia and patella were associated with age-related cataract in an ongoing study of men from the United States who were drawn from the general population surrounding Boston. METHODS Participants were drawn from the Normative Aging Study (NAS), a longitudinal study of 2280 healthy male volunteers, begun in Boston in the 1960s. 6 At the time of their initial enrollment, all NAS participants were free of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, peptic ulcer, gout, recurrent asthma, bronchitis, or sinusitis. Study participants were predominantly white, and ranged in age from 48 to 93 years at the time of bone lead measurement. Every 3 to 5 years, participants underwent an extensive physical examination that Author Affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

show abstract