Cadmium and lead contents of cigarettes produced in various areas of the world1

Watanabe, Takao; Kasahara, Mikio; Nakatsuka, Haruo; Ikeda, Masayuki

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(87)90074-x

Cited by 83 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The substantially differences between heavy metals contents were recorded essentially, not among the two countries, but from one cigarette brand to another one, inside each country. The results of this study are consistent with existing literature on presence of heavy metals in cigarettes (Watanabe et al, 1987;O'Connor et al, 2010). Metal content in tobacco leaf primarily is driven by the metal content of the soil in which it is grown, rather than resulting from processing (Golia et al, 2009).…”

Section: Comparison Of Beninese and France Cigarettessupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Some of these contaminants can be naturally found in soils where tobacco plants are grown (Xian, 1989), others were brought in soils through fertilizer and various pesticides during the cultivation of tobacco crops (Deluisa et al, 1996;Bourrelier and Berthelin, 1998). Besides, smoking is associated with an increase in heavy metals in human tissues (Friberg, 1974;Kjellstrom, 1979;Scherer and Barkemeyer, 1983;Mussalo-Rauhamaa et al, 1986) and these health risks are more importants in developed countries (Watanabe et al, 1987). In order to confront these informations, this study attempted to determine and compare the concentrations of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, nickel and arsenic) in some cigarette brands purchased in Benin, developping country and in France.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Heavy Metals Contents for Some Cigarettes Brands

Agbandji

Patrick

Gbago

et al. 2012

American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

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According certain studies, smoking could be associated with an increase of health risk link to heavy metals and these risks would be more important in developed countries. So, this study attempted to verify these informations throuth the comparison of the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) in some cigarettes sold in Benin and France. Composite samples of cigarette brands purchased in Benin (developing country) and France have been taken in the same periods from the two countries. Samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The amounts (average ± SD) have been compared by the statistical Student p test (T>t) = 0.05. The results showed that all the cigarettes tobacco is differently contaminated with Cd, Pb, Ni and As. The amounts reveal that for all metals the regulatory limits are over passed but the level of contamination varies from one brand to another one. However, it could not be obvious to conclude that the cigarettes in developed countries are more concentrated in heavy metals than those of developing countries. This affirmation has been discussed. Indeed, it appeared that the level of lead and arsenic obtained in some cigarette brands purchased in Benin were significantly higher than (p<0.05) those sold in France. Otherwise, all the France cigarette brands contain about two or three times more cadmium that Beninese cigarettes. However, excepted these particularities, there was no significant differences (p<0.05) between heavy metals contents in cigarette brands sold in Benin and France. Overall, findings from this study suggest that, Beninese cigarettes did not differ in heavy metals contents from cigarettes sold in France markets. The high levels of toxic metals recorded in some cigarette tobacco from each country are probably the result of soil conditions where tobacco is grown. But, the presence of high levels of heavy metals may constitute a global health concern. The adoption of reasonable behavior are needed to preserve the public health.

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Section: Comparison Of Beninese and France Cigarettessupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Heavy Metals Contents for Some Cigarettes Brands

Agbandji

Patrick

Gbago

et al. 2012

American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

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“…In GerES IIa, the oral uptake ( GM ) was found to be 7.4 g Cd/ day . Although this is more cadmium than a heavy smoker would inhale daily (about 4 g, assuming 20 cigarettes per day and 0.2 g Cd per cigarette; see Elinder et al, 1983;Watanabe et al, 1987 ), the respective dose from oral exposure is only 5%, which is much less than the dose from exposure via inhalation (almost 50% ). Indeed, ingested cadmium is absorbed less readily than inhaled cadmium ( Friberg et al, 1986 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children

Hoffmann

Becker

Friedrich

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…The Cd content of cigarettes may vary over a wide range from 0.29-3.38 mg/g (Watanabe et al, 1987). The quantity of Cd inhaled from smoking one cigarette is about 10% of the total Cd content in the cigarette (Elinder et al, 1983).…”

Section: Factors Related To CD Levels In Breast Milk In Austriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, cereal consumption, and supplementation affect cadmium content in breast milk

Gundacker

Pietschnig²,

Wittmann³

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Breast milk might be a source of potentially toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd). The purpose of the present study is to provide data pertaining to the influence of maternal lifestyles on Cd concentrations in breast milk in the Austrian setting. Breast milk was obtained from 124 Austrian women. Each participant provided 10 ml of milk. A second group of eight mothers were recruited to investigate changes in their milk cadmium levels at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks post partum. The study participants filled a questionnaire concerning nutrition, supplementation, and smoking habits. The samples were analyzed using GF-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean Cd content in breast milk was among the lowest in Europe (0.08670.085 mg/l, 95% CI: 0.07-0.10; n ¼ 124). Increased Cd levels in breast milk were found to be significantly associated with frequent cereal consumption and smoking. Smokers had a two-fold higher concentration than did non-smokers (0.15 versus 0.07 mg/l; P ¼ 0.000). In contrast, low Cd levels in breast milk were associated with the intake of supplements containing trace elements or vitamins and trace elements (Po0.05). This protective effect of supplements on Cd levels was only observed in non-smokers. The Cd levels registered in the present investigation were far below critical levels. We conclude that the current maternal Cd levels in Austria signify no risk for the breastfed infant of a healthy mother. Further research will have to focus on the specific effects of supplementation and smoking on Cd concentrations.

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Cadmium and lead contents of cigarettes produced in various areas of the world1

Cited by 83 publications

References 17 publications

Comparison of Heavy Metals Contents for Some Cigarettes Brands

Comparison of Heavy Metals Contents for Some Cigarettes Brands

The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children

Smoking, cereal consumption, and supplementation affect cadmium content in breast milk

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