Cachectin/TNF Production in Experimental Burns and Pseudomonas Infection

The Pathogenesis and Therapy of Combined Radiation Injury

“…Our study revealed that cytokine levels in the sera of normal healthy mice were below the limits of detection by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results coincide with the results of many other investigators [10,22,50,51,59]. …”

Combining Early Coagulation and Inflammatory Status Improves Prediction of Mortality in Burned and Nonburned Trauma Patients

“…Based on the studies published by Moreno et al and Drost et al, TNF is not universally detected during critical illness and is likely secreted in a phasic manner in response to injury. 26,37 TNF is a strong procoagulant by eliciting TF expression on the endothelium and monocytes. 3,12,38 Also, in a dose-dependent fashion, TNF produces a decrease in protein C activation by down regulating the expression of endothelial cell protein C receptor and thrombomodulin, both of which are important in the protein C activation in vivo.…”

Immune Modulation after Total Hip Surgery

“…The role of TNF-␣ in the cytokine response after trauma therefore remains unclear. TNF-␣ is a potent mediator of the shock-like state associated with major injury and sepsis [19] , but injury in the absence of sepsis causes no or only a transient increase in circulating TNF-␣ levels [20][21][22] . Low levels or only localized production of this proinflammatory cytokine are likely to be physiologically beneficial in uncomplicated trauma as TNF-␣ is a typical cell death protein which can induce cell death after binding with its receptors [23][24][25][26] .…”