Cache Valley virus: an emerging arbovirus of public and veterinary health importance

Abstract

Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus (Bunyavirales: Peribunyaviridae) that has been identified as a teratogen in ruminants causing fetal death and severe malformations during epizootics in the U.S. CVV has recently emerged as a viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Despite its emergence as a public health and agricultural concern, CVV has yet to be significantly studied by the scientific community. Limited information exists on CVV’s geographic distribution, ecological cycle, seroprevalence in humans and animals, and spectrum of disease, including its potential as a human teratogen. Here, we present what is known of CVV’s virology, ecology, and clinical disease in ruminants and humans. We discuss the current diagnostic techniques available and highlight gaps in our current knowledge and considerations for future research.

Evaluation of the vector competence for Batai virus of native Culex and exotic Aedes species in Central Europe

“…Specifically, BATV could pose a threat, parallels can be drawn from Cache Valley virus (CVV) another member of the Bunyamwera serogroup. In small ruminants, CVV infection may lead to foetal death or severe malformation of the foetus [ 41 ]. Cache Valley virus circulates in North, Central and South America and has been isolated from over 40 mosquito species [ 41 ].…”

“…In small ruminants, CVV infection may lead to foetal death or severe malformation of the foetus [ 41 ]. Cache Valley virus circulates in North, Central and South America and has been isolated from over 40 mosquito species [ 41 ]. Although human cases are rare, symptoms can range from mild illness with fever to severe cases of encephalitis.…”

“…As BATV is transmitted by over 40 [ 41 ] different species from different genera, we included additional information regarding two specific species: Cx. p. pipiens and Cx.…”

Mosquitoes from Europe Are Able to Transmit Snowshoe Hare Virus

“…While it is assumed that transmission of TAHV takes place by a broad range of mosquito species ( Aedes , Culex , and Culiseta ), the transmission of INKV and CHATV probably only occurs by Aedes mosquitoes, but this assumption is mainly based on virus detection in field-caught mosquitoes, which again does not necessarily confirm them as competent vectors [ 8 ]. Given the recent emergence of certain orthobunyaviruses with public and veterinary health relevance in new areas, such as the appearance of the Cache Valley virus in New York, it is crucial to possess basic knowledge about these viruses to prevent larger outbreaks/epidemics [ 46 , 47 ]. To address the substantial knowledge gap regarding the vector competence of mosquitoes for SSHV, we conducted this study, with a special focus on Culex species.…”

Emerging and lesser-known arboviruses impacting animal and human health

“…Our next series of articles focuses on lesser-known arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). We start this section with an article by Hughes et al (2023) on Cache Valley virus (Peribunyaviridae), which is widely distributed in North America and is known to cause severe disease in animals and occasional illness in humans, yet little is known about the pathogen. The authors provide an overview of available virology, ecology, clinical disease in animals and humans, diagnostic techniques, and culminate by discussing gaps in current understandings of this pathogen and considerations for future research.…”