Cache Valley and Potosi viruses (Bunyaviridae) in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): experimental infections and antibody prevalence in natural populations.

Abstract

Abstract. Cache Valley virus (CVV) and Potosi virus (POTV) are two closely related mosquito-borne viruses (Bunyaviridae: Bunyamwera group) that appear to circulate in several regions of the United States, especially the Midwest. We determined the prevalence of specific neutralizing antibodies to both viruses in Indiana white-tailed deer and conducted infection experiments to assess whether deer could serve as an vertebrate-amplifying host. Crossinfection experiments also were carried out to investigate the level of antibody cross-reactivity and cross-protection between the two viruses. The seroprevalence rate was high for both CVV (Ͼ 66%) and POTV (Ͼ 43%) in adult deer statewide. Antibodies neutralizing CVV were more common among deer harvested in the northern part of Indiana whereas the prevalence of POTV antibodies suggested a more southern distribution for this virus. Experimental infections of captive deer showed that they may serve as amplifying hosts for either virus. Deer infected with CVV or POTV developed a 1-3-day viremia with 3.0 and 4.1 log 10 plaque-forming units/ml mean peak titers, respectively. However, significant levels of antibody cross-reactivity between the two viruses were observed. Viremia was lower and shorter when animals immune to either CVV or POTV were cross-infected with the alternate virus and antibody responses following cross-infections resembled original antigenic sin with higher titers of antibodies against the primary agent.

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

“…This virus is horizontally transmitted by several species to white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus. 85,86 Although POTV is not known to cause human disease, related Bunyamwera viruses are known to cause febrile illness, central neurological system disease, and hemorrhagic fever. 61,[87][88][89] It is also worth noting that POTV may co-circulate with CVV, which causes congenital defects in sheep and cattle, 62,63 during late August and September.…”

Orthobunyaviruses, a Common Cause of Infection of Livestock in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico

“…21,23,24 In this region, white-tailed deer have been implicated as the natural reservoir host of CVV. 21 Sequence and phylogenetic data indicate that CHLV is most likely a natural reassortant that acquired its S RNA segment from CVV and its M and L RNA segments from Potosi virus (POTV). 4 A single isolation of this virus has been made from a pool of Ochlerotatus (Aedes) taeniorhynchus collected in Merida in the Yucatan Peninsula in 2007.…”

“…The natural reservoir host of POTV is also suspected to be white-tailed deer. 21 Kairi virus was originally isolated from mosquitoes in Trinidad in 1955, and later was isolated from mosquitoes and wild vertebrates in Brazil, mosquitoes in Colombia, and a febrile horse in Argentina. [29][30][31][32] More recently, a single isolation of KRIV was made from a pool of Oc.…”

“…[15][16][17][18] This virus has also been isolated from a sick caribou and an apparently healthy horse and cow, and antibodies to this virus have been detected in a variety of other vertebrates including deer, elk, goats, and pigs. [18][19][20][21][22] The seroprevalence for CVV in white-tailed deer in disease-endemic areas of the United States is often high and usually exceeds 70%. 21,23,24 In this region, white-tailed deer have been implicated as the natural reservoir host of CVV.…”

“…[18][19][20][21][22] The seroprevalence for CVV in white-tailed deer in disease-endemic areas of the United States is often high and usually exceeds 70%. 21,23,24 In this region, white-tailed deer have been implicated as the natural reservoir host of CVV. 21 Sequence and phylogenetic data indicate that CHLV is most likely a natural reassortant that acquired its S RNA segment from CVV and its M and L RNA segments from Potosi virus (POTV).…”