Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV): History, Biology, and Genome

Muller, Emmanuelle

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24789-2_10

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Controlling vector (mealybug) population in the field could have prevented the occurrence of cross infection of strains. However, suitable methods for effective control of the vector have not been found despite considerable attention (Thresh and Owusu 1986;Muller 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stem and leaf symptoms of CSSD vary widely and differ in type and severity according to virus strain, host genotype and environment (Thresh et al 1988). Attempts to control the vector (mealybugs) have not been successful (Muller 2016) and eradication has achieved limited success due to several factors relating to logistics, socio-economics and political issues (Owusu 1983;Thresh and Owusu 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of cacao swollen shoot virus mild strains N1 and SS365B on growth and yield of cacao - a follow-up report

Domfeh

Ameyaw

Dzahini-Obiatey

2019

Trop. plant pathol.

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The cumulative effects of cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) mild strains N1 and SS365B on growth and yield of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were evaluated in a 12-year field trial at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). The treatments consisted of mixed hybrid cacao plants inoculated with N1 or SS365B prior to sowing and a non-inoculated control. Growth of mild strain-inoculated cacao plants did not differ significantly from that of non-inoculated plants. However, growth of N1-inoculated cacao plants was significantly higher than that of SS365B-inoculated ones. The yield of N1-inoculated cacao plants did not differ significantly from that of the non-inoculated plants. However, yield of SS365B-inoculated plants was significantly lower compared to N1-inoculated and the non-inoculated plants. In comparison with the non-inoculated control, yield was 77% and 20% lower in SS365B-and N1-inoculated cacao plants, respectively. Virus indexing conducted over a period of six months on randomly collected budwood from the field revealed the presence of mixed infection of CSSV strains in the field. Cacao tree mortality did not differ among the treatments. These results provide further evidence that the CSSV mild strain N1 is milder in its effect on cacao growth and yield than SS365B and suggest that the former would be a more suitable candidate for cross protection in cacao.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cacao swollen shoot virus mild strains N1 and SS365B on growth and yield of cacao - a follow-up report

Domfeh

Ameyaw

Dzahini-Obiatey

2019

Trop. plant pathol.

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“…However, CaMMV is characterized by comparatively mild symptoms and a variable latent period, both of which are capable of affecting the onset of symptoms in new growth. Viruses have been confirmed in cacao on every continent where the crop is cultivated (North America, South America, Asia, and Africa) [1,[9][10][11][12][13]. Most cacao viruses that have been molecularly characterized are in the Badnavirus genus [10,11,14,15], except for Cacao yellow mosaic virus [16] and Cacao necrosis virus [17], which are in the Tymovirus and Nepovirus genera, respectively [12,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) Using Nested PCR and Evidence of Uneven Distribution in Leaf Tissue

Puig

2021

Agronomy

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Distribution of improved germplasm of Theobroma cacao is essential for meeting the increased demand for cocoa beans. In cacao, the introduction of new diseases is prevented by exchanging material through a national and international quarantine system. In 2020, virus symptoms were observed on plants in a quarantine greenhouse, and Cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) was detected in one plant using published diagnostic primers. However, no virus was detected in other symptomatic plants. To address high pathogen diversity and low virus titer in recently infected plants, a nested PCR test was developed based on 15 CaMMV sequences from Trinidad and Puerto Rico. The test was validated on a subset (n = 30) of plants in the greenhouse, of which 29 tested positive. Most infections are thought to have occurred during the later stage of the quarantine period, possibly due to spread by mealybugs. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three strains, suggesting that it was introduced on scionwood from multiple sources. Results of PCR assays on different leaf tissues indicate that the virus is unevenly distributed and that petiole tissue should be used in molecular diagnostics. The movement of infected scionwood is a major dissemination pathway for CaMMV but can be managed through careful screening.

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“…In Côte d'Ivoire, Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) disease is the main threat to cocoa production [1]. The virus is a badnavirus of the family Caulimoviridae [2]. The viral disease is transmitted by different species of mealybugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Forty (40) High-Producing Cacao Genotypes to Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease

Trebissou¹,

N’Guessan

Tahi

et al. 2020

JEAI

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Aims: Cocoa swollen shoot is a dreaded viral disease that is prevalent in the producing areas of West Africa. In Côte d'Ivoire, it undermines the sustainability of cocoa farming. Integrated pest management based on the use of disease-resistant or disease-tolerant plant material remains a sustainable solution. Place and Duration of Study: Integrated Pest Management Unit against Cocoa swollen shoot, Experimental greenhouse of Bouaflé, National Centre for Agronomic Research (CNRA). Methodology: Forty elite genotypes of cocoa trees selected from different populations in the Reciprocal Recurrent Selection program of Cocoa in Côte d'Ivoire were evaluated against strain D of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV). Five seedlings of each genotype were infected by patch grafting and observed for 5 months. Study Design: Plants are placed in a greenhouse in a completely random arrangement, with five repetitions. Results: Three cocoa genotypes (C77, C87 and C96) were free of disease symptoms and eight genotypes (C77, C87, C96, C3, C12, C26, C53 and C98) had the lowest infection scores. The disease significantly affected plant development and growth. Conclusion: Some genotypes selected within the Reciprocal Recurrent Selection program are promising for breeding against CSSV disease. These eight genotypes will be tested in a field environment to confirm their tolerance.

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Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV): History, Biology, and Genome

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of cacao swollen shoot virus mild strains N1 and SS365B on growth and yield of cacao - a follow-up report

Effects of cacao swollen shoot virus mild strains N1 and SS365B on growth and yield of cacao - a follow-up report

Detection of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) Using Nested PCR and Evidence of Uneven Distribution in Leaf Tissue

Response of Forty (40) High-Producing Cacao Genotypes to Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease

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