Cacao shell-derived solid acid catalyst for esterification of oleic acid with methanol

Bureros, Glorie Mae A.; Tanjay, April A.; Cuizon, Dan Elmer Sadaya; Go, Alchris Woo; Cabatingan, Luis K.; Agapay, Ramelito C.; Ju, Yi‐Hsu

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.082

Cited by 67 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This study showed that a mild temperature of 90 °C is the optimal sulfonation temperature for the acetylation reaction, which also correlated with the highest acid density of the catalyst. Similar observations have been reported with similar and slightly varied optimum temperatures of 90 °C, 105 °C, 120 °C, and 135 °C, respectively, albeit with different biomass materials [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 32 ]. It is observed in Figure 1 b that the GC and TA increase with the sulfonation time and peak at 5 h. The subsequent increase in the sulfonation time led to a sharp decline in both the GC and TA.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The difference may be attributed to the nature of the resultant carbon material derived from the various biomasses, carbonization temperature, and type of heating device applied. However, similar and higher sulfonation times ranging from 5 to 10 h have also been reported as optimal for corncob, willow catkins, oil palm trunk, sugarcane bagasse, and cacao shell materials [ 25 , 30 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Several reports in the literature have also shown that different methods and conditions of carbonization and sulfonation processes are essential elements in the preparation of sulfonated catalysts [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Our earlier study identified the template carbonization of PKS at 800 °C, with 4 h being excellent in obtaining a mesoporous sulfonated catalyst [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production

et al. 2020

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In this study, an optimized mesoporous sulfonated carbon (OMSC) catalyst derived from palm kernel shell biomass was developed using template carbonization and subsequent sulfonation under different temperatures and time conditions. The OMSC catalyst was characterized using acid-base titration, elemental analysis, XRD, Raman, FTIR, XPS, TPD-NH3, TGA-DTA, SEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis to reveal its properties. Results proved that the OMSC catalyst is mesoporous and amorphous in structure with improved textural, acidic, and thermal properties. Both FTIR and XPS confirmed the presence of -SO3H, -OH, and -COOH functional groups on the surface of the catalyst. The OMSC catalyst was found to be efficient in catalyzing glycerol conversion to acetin via an acetylation reaction with acetic acid within a short period of 3 h. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a two-level, three-factor, face-centered central composite design, was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that the optimized temperature, glycerol-to-acetic acid mole ratio, and catalyst load were 126 °C, 1:10.4, and 0.45 g, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, 97% glycerol conversion (GC) and selectivities of 4.9, 27.8, and 66.5% monoacetin (MA), diacetin (DA), and triacetin (TA), respectively, were achieved and found to be close to the predicted values. Statistical analysis showed that the regression model, as well as the model terms, were significant with the predicted R2 in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R2 (<0.2). The OMSC catalyst maintained excellent performance in GC for the five reaction cycles. The selectivity to TA, the most valuable product, was not stable until the fourth cycle, attributable to the leaching of the acid sites.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production

et al. 2020

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“…Development on novel catalysts will be continued for years onward while focusing on utilizing waste materials as catalyst precursor and fatty acid‐ or glycerol‐like surface modifier. New strategies focusing on the utilization of waste lignocellulosic biomass as carbon‐based catalyst 223,255,256 are gaining much attention along with calcium‐based waste/residues 257,258 while developing new synthesis routes employing fewer processing steps 223,259 and lower process severity 234,256 while producing value‐added by‐products 260 . Process enhancement through improved mass and heat transfer of the reaction system may support catalytic and non‐catalytic biodiesel production.…”

Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐catalytic and heterogeneous acid/base‐catalyzed biodiesel production: Recent and future developments

Tran‐Nguyen

Ong

et al. 2020

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Biodiesel production technologies, which are non-catalytic and those involving the use of heterogeneous catalyst(s), have gained much interest owing to its high biodiesel and pure glycerol throughput. During the past 15 years, many studies were devoted to explore new catalysts as well as improve non-catalytic technologies with aims to ultimately industrialize such biodiesel production processes. This review elucidates the main process parameters that influences non-catalytic and heterogeneous-catalyzed biodiesel production processes. The common parameters among these technologies include the process temperature, alcohol/oil molar ratio, pressure, catalyst loading, and feedstock quality.Optimization of these process parameters is discussed according to the use of conventional method (one factor at a time [OFAAT]) or the use of statistical methods such as response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and Taguchi method. In addition, recent development on noncatalytic process and those involving the use of heterogeneous catalyst(s), such as glycerol-free processes under supercritical conditions of alkyl donors and strategies to improve properties of heterogeneous catalyst, are also reviewed.Finally, insight based on the published techno-economical evaluations is also tackled, and future prospects and research directions on these technologies are also discussed.

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“…As heterogeneous catalyst, solid acidic catalyst has been widely used in esterification, hydrogenation reaction, Beckmann rearrangements, Friedel‐Crafts acylation reaction. Mesopores poly (ionic liquids)(MPILs), as a special type of ionic liquids (ILs),is composed of ILs containing polymerizable units, crosslinkers and other functional groups with mesoporous structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Catalytic Performance of Mesoporous Dual Brønsted Acidic Ternary Poly (Ionic Liquids) for Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation

Sha

Sheng

Zhou

et al. 2019

Applied Organom Chemis

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A newfangled cross-linked dual Brønsted acidic ternary mesoporous poly (ionic liquids)(MPILs) with mesoporous structure was successfully synthesized with divinylbenzene as cross linker, 1-vinyl-3-butyl imidazole bromide and sodium p-styrene sulfonate as functional group through an ordinary postmodification method and anion exchange process. A sponge-like mesoporous tunnel structure was observed and the obtained P (BVS-SO 3 H)-SO 3 CF 3 sample appeared a relatively high thermal stability, a large surface area (up to 286.8 m 2 /g) and great pore volume (0.73 cm 3 /g). The abundant dual acidic group of sulfonic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid of the composite in the polymer framework impart Brønsted acidity. For the sake of demonstrating our claims, the sample has been used as a novel solid acid catalyst for the reaction of alkylation of o-xylene with styrene to 1-diphenylethane (PXE). Under optimal reaction conditions (reaction under 120°C for 3 hr, catalyst amount was 0.5 wt% of the reaction system, and the mass ratio of o-xylene/styrene was 7.5:1, a 100% conversion of styrene and 93.7% PXE yield was acquired. After four times recycle, the yield remains 53.3%. Comparing with the commercial liquid acid catalyst, it processing a higher catalytic property and recyclability. Moreover, this fresh dual acidic heterogeneous catalyst owning a promising future applied in other acidic catalytic reactions and provide a new method to modify catalyst.

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Cacao shell-derived solid acid catalyst for esterification of oleic acid with methanol

Cited by 67 publications

References 21 publications

Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production

Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production

Non‐catalytic and heterogeneous acid/base‐catalyzed biodiesel production: Recent and future developments

High Catalytic Performance of Mesoporous Dual Brønsted Acidic Ternary Poly (Ionic Liquids) for Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation

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