“…The hydrolytic products of PLA activity, lysophospholipids, and free fatty acids also have been shown to modulate the activity of several membrane-associated enzymes, including NADH oxidase (Brightman et al, 1991), 1,3- -D -glucan synthase (Kauss and Jeblick, 1986), protein kinases (Martiny-Baron and Scherer, 1989;Scherer et al, 1993), ion channels (Chyb et al, 1999), and ATPases (Palmgren et al, 1988;Palmgren and Sommarin, 1989;Scherer et al, 1993). Several of these enzymes have been implicated in different plant defense reactions, including the regulation of H ϩ -ATPase activity during plant-pathogen interactions, elicitor treatments, and wounding (Vera-Estrella et al, 1994;Xing et al, 1996;Schaller and Oecking, 1999).…”