Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Na, K, and Cl contents of infant formulas manufactured in the United States

Hamill, Thomas W; Young, E.R.; Eitenmiller, Ronald R.; Hogarty, C.D.; Soliman, A. M.

doi:10.1016/0889-1575(89)90073-2

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Because the cow milk infant formula was an adapted (whey-enhanced) formula and the goat milk formula was not, these differences may simply relate to different methods of processing as opposed to a species difference. The mineral levels of both formulas were within 50 to 120% of the average reported by Hamill et al (1989), who analyzed 78 milk-based infant formulas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Mineral Retention in Three-Week-Old Piglets Fed Goat and Cow Milk Infant Formulas

Rutherfurd

Darragh

Hendriks

et al. 2006

Journal of Dairy Science

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Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Mineral Retention in Three-Week-Old Piglets Fed Goat and Cow Milk Infant Formulas

Rutherfurd

Darragh

Hendriks

et al. 2006

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Greer (1989) has suggested that the absolute amount of phosphorus in the formula is more important than the calcium to phosphorus ratio in the aetiology of infantile tetany and has proposed that the upper limit for phosphorus in formulae for full-term infants should be 490 mg/1. Reported values for phosphorus in cow's milk-based formulae currently sold in the US (mean, 362 mg/1; range 342-389 mg/1) are lower than this proposed limit (Hamill et al, 1989).…”

Section: Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…These findings suggested that the zinc content of unsupplemented cow's milk formula is insufficient for infants and zinc supplementation of formulae to a minimum of 3.2 mg/1 is now recommended (AAP, 1976b). Supplementation is now widely practised, as is evident from a report showing that the mean zinc content of cow's milk-based infant formulae in the US is 6 (range 4.0-7 .4) mgjl (Hamill et al, 1989).…”

Section: Nutritional Aspects Of Minerals In Milksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3

Fox¹

1997

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“…Because starting and follow-up formulas are the major sources of nutrients during the first months of life, several authors have studied their quality to ensure adequate infant health (Hamill et al, 1989;Richmond et al, 1993;Guo et al, 1996;Ruiz et al 1996;Bermejo et al, 2000;Hua et al, 2000;Krachler and Rossipal, 2000;Ikem et al, 2002;Sola-Larrañaga and Navarro-Blasco, 2006;Al Khalifa and Ahmad, 2010;Lesniewicz et al 2010;MacLean et al, 2010). However, only one study (De Castro et al, 2010) related to the mineral content of infant formulas consumed in Brazil has been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the mineral content of infant formulas consumed in Brazil

Silva¹,

Mattanna²,

Bizzi

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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The mineral content of 10 commercially available milk-based infant formulas widely consumed in Brazil was investigated. The levels of elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after microwave-assisted wet digestion. The results were compared with the producers' label declarations and levels proposed by the Codex Alimentarius and the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency. The obtained results were in good agreement with certified reference materials, and the relative standard deviation of the measurements was always below 10%, with the exception of Cu (up to 14%). A high degree of variation between the experimental and producers' data was found for trace elements among different brands, with differences as high as 41 and 68% for Cu and Zn, respectively. The content of minerals in the starting formulas was in accordance with levels established by the Codex Alimentarius, with the exception of 1 brand that had a Zn level that was not in agreement with the Codex minimum value. Among follow-up formulas, 2 brands contained levels of Ca and K that were higher than the maximum established by Brazilian standards, and 1 brand contained less than the minimum value recommended for Zn. The guidance upper levels have not been established in the Codex Alimentarius for follow-up formulas, and the maximum value has been established for only 2 of the analyzed minerals. This lack of a standard could be a problem; as shown in the present study, if the Brazilian standard is used, several formulas could be considered out of specification. Despite the limited number of samples evaluated in this work, the levels of some elements were out of specification and special attention by the Brazilian government on the content of minerals in infant formulas is needed.

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Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Na, K, and Cl contents of infant formulas manufactured in the United States

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Mineral Retention in Three-Week-Old Piglets Fed Goat and Cow Milk Infant Formulas

Mineral Retention in Three-Week-Old Piglets Fed Goat and Cow Milk Infant Formulas

Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3

Evaluation of the mineral content of infant formulas consumed in Brazil

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