Ca-doped LTO using waste eggshells as Ca source to improve the discharge capacity of anode material for lithium-ion battery

Structural and Electrochemical Characteristics of Ca-Doped “Flower-like” Li4Ti5O12Motifs as High-Rate Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…First, the morphology of the LTO samples generated within the three prior studies either possessed a "zero-dimensional" shape 29,30 or was unknown to the degree that it was neither properly documented nor discussed. 31 By contrast, within the present study, therefore, we report for the first time on the calcium doping of a novel three-dimensional "flower-like" LTO motif. Second, none of these three previous reports investigated the electrode performance of Ca-doped LTO at high discharge and charge rates above 20C, denoting data critical for practical applicability.…”

“…Hence, as compared with all of the previous work on the Ca-LTO system, the elements of novelty of our current study presented can be systematically summarized as follows. First, the morphology of the LTO samples generated within the three prior studies either possessed a “zero-dimensional” shape , or was unknown to the degree that it was neither properly documented nor discussed . By contrast, within the present study, therefore, we report for the first time on the calcium doping of a novel three-dimensional “flower-like” LTO motif.…”

“…Investigations of Ca-doped LTO structures as anode materials are limited, and to the best of our knowledge, only three previous studies exist. − Zhang et al reported on a series of micrometer-sized Ca-doped LTO particles (overall diameters of 1–2 μm) with the chemical formula of Li 4– x Ca x Ti 5 O 12 (“ x ” = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) through a solid-state reaction. The Ca dopants were deduced to occupy the [Li] 8a site, based on an increase in the cubic unit cell parameter “ a ” after Ca 2+ doping, because the radius of Ca 2+ is perceptibly larger than that of Li + ions.…”

“…DFT calculations in this work suggested that the Ca dopant preferably occupied the [Li] 16d site as opposed to the [Li] 8a site. Finally, Setiawan et al synthesized a series of Ca-doped LTO samples using waste eggshells as the Ca source, through a solid-state reaction. Cyclic voltammetry characterization data indicated that Li 4– x Ca x Ti 5 O 12 (“ x ” = 0.05) demonstrated the highest charge and discharge capacity of 177.14 and 181.92 mAh/g, respectively, measured with a scan rate of 100 μV/s.…”

POTENSI RISET DAN PENGEMBANGAN FePO4 DARI BAHAN BAKU LOKAL Fe2O3 DI INDONESIA

“…Bahan-bahan aktif untuk katoda yang dikembangkan sendiri adalah LiFePO4 6,7,8,9) dan LiMnPO4 10) . Sementara itu, bahan aktif untuk anoda yang dikembangkan adalah Li4Ti5O12 11,12,13) , sedangkan bahan elektrolit yang dikembangkan adalah LiBOB 14,15,16,17) . Diantara berbagai material yang dikembangkan tersebut, pengembangan material LiFePO4 paling banyak melibatkan instansi riset dan juga industri.…”