C-section and the Neonatal Gut Microbiome Acquisition: Consequences for Future Health

Arboleya, Silvia; Suárez, Marta; Fernández, Nuria; Mantecón, Laura; Solı́s, Gonzalo; Gueimonde, Miguel; Reyes‐Gavilán, Clara G. de los

doi:10.1159/000490843

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The association of Bacteroides with vaginal delivery was recently observed in both The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) and the Baby Biome studies (BBS) [ 8 , 32 ], and association between Bifidobacteria and vaginal delivery has also been observed earlier [ 33 ]. Cesarean-section is often associated with a higher abundance of Firmicutes, which correspond with our observation of Clostridiales being associated with cesarean-section [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant- to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with Eubacterium Rectale and Ruminococcus Gnavus

Nilsen

Saunders

Angell

et al. 2020

Genes

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Relatively little is known about the ecological forces shaping the gut microbiota composition during infancy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the nutrient utilization- and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production potential of gut microbes in infants during the first year of life. Stool samples were obtained from mothers at 18 weeks of pregnancy and from infants at birth (first stool) at 3, 6, and 12-months of age from the general population-based PreventADALL cohort. We identified the taxonomic and SCFA composition in 100 mother-child pairs. The SCFA production and substrate utilization potential of gut microbes were observed by multiomics (shotgun sequencing and proteomics) on six infants. We found a four-fold increase in relative butyrate levels from 6 to 12 months of infant age. The increase was correlated to Eubacterium rectale and its bacterial network, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii relative abundance, while low butyrate at 12 months was correlated to Ruminococcus gnavus and its associated network of bacteria. Both E. rectale and F. prausnitzii expressed enzymes needed for butyrate production and enzymes related to dietary fiber degradation, while R. gnavus expressed mucus-, fucose, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)-related degradation enzymes. Therefore, we believe that the presence of E. rectale, its network, and F. prausnitzii are key bacteria in the transition from an infant- to an adult-like gut microbiota with respect to butyrate production. Our results indicate that the transition from an infant- to an adult-like gut microbiota with respect to butyrate producing bacteria, occurs between 6 and 12 months of infant age. The bacteria associated with the increased butyrate ratio/levels were E. rectale and F. prausnitzii, which potentially utilize a variety of dietary fibers based on the glycoside hydrolases (GHs) expressed. R. gnavus with a negative association to butyrate potentially utilizes mucin, fucose, and HMO components. This knowledge could have future importance in understanding how microbial metabolites can impact infant health and development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant- to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with Eubacterium Rectale and Ruminococcus Gnavus

Nilsen

Saunders

Angell

et al. 2020

Genes

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“…Body Mass Index and weight fluctuation) before pregnancy [11], gestational exposures [12][13][14][15] (e.g. maternal lifestyle, weight gain, pathophysiology conditions, supplements use, antibiotics exposure, pollutants exposure), mode of delivery [16,17] and type of feeding [18], triggering a gut microbiome dysbiosis [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal and postnatal determinants in shaping offspring’s microbiome in the first 1000 days: study protocol and preliminary results at one month of life

et al. 2020

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Background: Fetal programming during in utero life defines the set point of physiological and metabolic responses that lead into adulthood; events happening in "the first 1,000 days" (from conception to 2-years of age), play a role in the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The infant gut microbiome is a highly dynamic organ, which is sensitive to maternal and environmental factors and is one of the elements driving intergenerational NCDs' transmission. The A.MA.MI (Alimentazione MAmma e bambino nei primi MIlle giorni) project aims at investigating the correlation between several factors, from conception to the first year of life, and infant gut microbiome composition. We described the study design of the A.MA.MI study and presented some preliminary results.Methods: A.MA.MI is a longitudinal, prospective, observational study conducted on a group of mother-infant pairs (n = 60) attending the Neonatal Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (Italy). The study was planned to provide data collected at T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively before discharge, 1,6 and 12 months after birth. Maternal and infant anthropometric measurements were assessed at each time. Other variables evaluated were: pre-pregnancy/gestational weight status (T0), maternal dietary habits/physical activity (T1-T3); infant medical history, type of feeding, antibiotics/probiotics/supplements use, environment exposures (e.g cigarette smoking, pets, environmental temperature) (T1-T3). Infant stool samples were planned to be collected at each time and analyzed using metagenomics 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence-based methods. Results: Birth mode (cesarean section vs. vaginal delivery) and maternal pre pregnancy BMI (BMI < 25 Kg/m 2 vs. BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m 2 ), significant differences were found at genera and species levels (T0). Concerning type of feeding (breastfed vs. formula-fed), gut microbiota composition differed significantly at genus and species level (T1).Conclusion: These preliminary and explorative results confirmed that pre-pregnancy, mode of delivery and infant factors likely impact infant microbiota composition at different levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04122612.

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“…With the trend of increasing Cesarean sections, there has been an epidemic of both autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and allergic diseases, asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis ( 13 , 14 ). Consequently, it was assumed that this increased risk could be due to lack of contact with the maternal vaginal and intestinal flora at birth, which causes changes in the development of their immune system, making these children receptive later in life for a number of diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Implications of Increased Cesarean Section Rates

Miseljic

Ibrahimovic

2020

Mater Sociomed

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Introduction: The health implications of Caesarean section are a significant factor in evaluating the use of Caesarean section as a method of completing childbirth. The increased rate of Cesarean section augmenting in a statistical way the health implications of the use of Cesarean section as a way of operative technique of childbirth finalization. Aim: To investigate the incidence of health implications on mother and child after Cesarian section in comparison to vaginal delivery. Methods: In our study, which was conducted as a retrospective-prospective and targeted study, the observed research period is from 2007 to 2019. The data sources are: medical histories, birth protocols and neonatal medical histories. Group A: represents the number of surveyed patients with a Cesarean section in a one-year period (2018) in General Hospital „Prim.dr A. Nakaš“. Group B: represents a control group of the same number of patients born by Caesarean section in 2007 in General Hospital „Prim.dr A.Nakaš“ with all parameters and variables detected in the research group. Evaluation of the examinee’s findings includes: anamnestic data, sonographic data, gynecological finding, colposcopic finding. PAPA test, HPV typing and laboratory findings due to the extensiveness of the study. Results: A comparison of the number of Caesarean sections in BiH before and now shows a statistically significant increase from about 6 caesareans per year to almost 21 Cesarean section per year (p<0.05). This increase led to a statistically significant decrease in perinatal mortality from 30 per thousand per year to only 6 per thousand per year (p<0.05). Complications after Cesarean section during both observed periods are dominated by subjective problems, followed by early complications after Cesarean section. According to the types of complications after Caesarean section, hemorrhages were the most numerous during both examined years, with 1 case of other complications and without a statistically significant difference between the observed years. There were no statistically significant differences in the duration of hospitalization, although in 2007 somewhat longer stay in the hospital after Caesarean section was recorded. Conclusion: Our study has shown that one of the most visible trends in modern perinatology is a significant increase in number of Cesarean sections. This is the basis of long-term side effects of Caesarean section, the frequency of which correlates with the increase in this surgical procedure.

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C-section and the Neonatal Gut Microbiome Acquisition: Consequences for Future Health

Cited by 39 publications

References 38 publications

Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant- to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with Eubacterium Rectale and Ruminococcus Gnavus

Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant- to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with Eubacterium Rectale and Ruminococcus Gnavus

Prenatal and postnatal determinants in shaping offspring’s microbiome in the first 1000 days: study protocol and preliminary results at one month of life

Health Implications of Increased Cesarean Section Rates

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