Cementum and Periodontal Wound Healing and Regeneration

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The extracellular matrix (ECM) of cementum resembles other mineralized tissues in composition; however, its physiology is unique, and it contains molecules that have not been detected in other tissues. Cementum components influence the activities of periodontal cells, and they manifest selectivity toward some periodontal cell types over others. In light of emerging evidence that the ECM determines how cells respond to environmental stimuli, we hypothesize that the local environment of the cementum matrix plays a pivotal role in maintaining the homeostasis of cementum under healthy conditions. The structural integrity and biochemical composition of the cementum matrix are severely compromised in periodontal disease, and the provisional matrix generated during periodontal healing is different from that of cementum. We propose that, for new cementum and attachment formation during periodontal regeneration, the local environment must be conducive for the recruitment and function of cementum-forming cells, and that the wound matrix is favorable for repair rather than regeneration. How cementum components may regulate and participate in cementum regeneration, possible new regenerative therapies using these principles, and models of cementoblastic cells are discussed.

Immortalization of Cementoblast Progenitor Cells With Bmi-1 and TERT

“…(3,39) Therefore, specific integrinmatrix interactions may regulate recruitment and differentiation of cementoblast progenitors. (40)(41)(42) As a result, a microenvironment such as that found in the extracellular matrix on the root dentin surface and anchorage-dependent signals may promote differentiation of cementoblast progenitors into cementoblasts. (41) Progress in understanding of the biology of cementoblast progenitors has been slow because of challenges of studying dental follicle cells.…”

“…(40)(41)(42) As a result, a microenvironment such as that found in the extracellular matrix on the root dentin surface and anchorage-dependent signals may promote differentiation of cementoblast progenitors into cementoblasts. (41) Progress in understanding of the biology of cementoblast progenitors has been slow because of challenges of studying dental follicle cells. BDFCs immortalized by a combination of Bmi-1 and hTERT permitted us to identify cementoblast progenitors.…”

Functional role of periostin in development and wound repair: implications for connective tissue disease

“…During wound repair and certain pathologies, changes occur in the composition of the ECM, providing signals to the cells that mediate repair or if misregulated, can result in development of various pathologies (Berk et al 2007;Darby and Hewitson 2007;Grzesik and Narayanan 2002;Midwood et al 2004;Raines 2000). In 2000, Paul Bornstein proposed that there was a family of secreted ECM proteins that could be linked through their common functionality.…”

Periodontal Stem Cells: a Historical Background and Current Perspectives

“…It consists of the ECM and molecules that remain bound to and associated with it. The ECM is a three-dimensional structure composed of collagens, fibronectin, elastin, laminin and other noncollagenous proteins and proteoglycans, and it serves as substratum for cell adhesion, promotes cell spreading and cytoskeletal organization [65,66,69]. More importantly, it determines the outcome of a cell's response to agonists by regulating the expression of genes for growth factors, receptors, transcription factors and other proteins.…”

“…The fate of the stem cells is determined by many factors, which include polypeptide mediators, microenvironment, tensional forces and interaction with other cells [65][66][67][68]. The polypeptide mediators are the major agonists that determine, regulate and direct cell functions, and this family includes growth factors, cytokines and lymphokines.…”