C-Reactive Protein Measurement in Canine Saliva

Abstract

Abstract. An established time-resolved immunofluorometric assay designed for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) in canine blood was evaluated and validated for use in canine saliva. C-reactive protein was measured in saliva specimens from 5 healthy dogs before and after the injection of casein and in 37 dogs with different disease conditions. The analytical and functional limits of detection were 0.000053 g/ml and 0.0091 g/ml, respectively, and intra-and interassay coefficients of variation ranged between 6.7-9.9% and 8.5-16.5%, respectively. A recovery experiment showed no significant disagreement between detected values and expected ones, and saliva CRP concentration was measured in a linear and proportional manner. A positive correlation was found between CRP levels obtained in saliva and serum samples in the experimental (R 2 ϭ 0.76) and clinical studies (R 2 ϭ 0.70). The assay was able to detect significant differences between salivary CRP levels in healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory processes. These results suggest that saliva can be used for CRP measurement in dogs. The use of saliva presents the advantage of an easier and less stressful sampling method for the animals, which might be performed outside of hospital environments.

Serum and synovial fluid C-reactive protein level variations in dogs with degenerative joint disease and their relationships with physiological parameters

“…Although classified as a non-inflammatory disease, there is a significant regional inflammatory component (Piermattei et al 2006;Bennett 2010;Goldring 2000;Kapoor et al 2011), as large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines (mostly synthesized by chondrocytes and synovial cells), increase the synthesis of proteases, cytokines, and other pro-inflammatory mediators that promote an acute phase proteins (APPs) response particular with a serum C-reactive protein (CRP) increase (Bennett 2010;Kapoor et al 2011;Cerón et al 2005). Dillman and Coles (1966) identified for the first time the CRP in dog, and contrary to human medicine where soon it became one of the main APPs, since it rapidly increases whenever physical or psychological injury occurs (Ablij and Meinders 2002), in veterinary medicine still it is not yet routinely used (Caspi et al 1984;Yamamoto et al 1993;Eckersall 2000;Skinner 2001;Parra et al 2005;Cerón et al 2005;Ohno et al 2006;Kjerlgaard-Hansen et al 2008;Nakamura et al 2008). Considering the CRP changes in a very rapid way, reaching its peak about 48 h after acute stimulus onset and with it levels persisting throughout the stimulus presence (Ablij and Meinders 2002), the CRP might be a very usefully biological marker for assessment of chronic diseases like the DJD (Hurter et al 2005;Fujiki et al 2007;Bennett et al 2013).…”

Measurement of chromogranin A in porcine saliva: validation of a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and evaluation of its application as a marker of acute stress

“…The recovery experiment was conducted, as previously reported (Parra et al, 2005). One saliva sample containing a high level of CgA and one containing a low level of CgA were selected.…”

Canine C-Reactive Protein Measurements in Cerebrospinal Fluid by a Time-Resolved Immunofluorimetric Assay

“…C-reactive protein was measured in serum and CSF samples by using a TR-IFMA as previously described [15][16][17] with modifications in order to adapt it for the different type of sample used. Serum samples and standards of pure CRP were diluted 1:10,000, while CSF samples were diluted 1:100 or undiluted.…”

“…Thus, recent advances in fluorometry have provided ultra-rapid and ultra-sensitive assays for the quanti-fication of different biomarkers such as acute phase proteins or cancer and myocardial infarction markers, even in low-concentration specimens such as saliva. 5,6,15,18,21 The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether CRP in CSF of dogs could be quantified using a time-resolved immunofluorimetric assay (TR-IFMA) and whether the assay can be used to detect the range of CRP concentrations that are found in different clinical situations.…”