“…Therefore, various pro-inflammatory biomarkers as TNF-α and IL-6 have been extensively investigated as a potential enhancement of cardiovascular risk and reflect different pathophysiological pathways underlying CVD [52]. In addition, C-reactive protein (CRP), a classical protein marker that is significantly elevated in the acute phase of inflammation, infection, and tissue damage [53]. Meanwhile, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine down-regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as TNF-α and consequently reduces the damage caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines [9].…”